{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:06:06Z","timestamp":1791194766176,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are intensively being developed for biomedical applications including drug and gene delivery. Although all possible clinical applications will require compatibility of CNT with the biological milieu, their\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    capabilities and limitations have not yet been explored. In this work, water-soluble, single-walled CNT (SWNT) have been functionalized with the chelating molecule diethylentriaminepentaacetic (DTPA) and labeled with indium (\n                    <jats:sup>111<\/jats:sup>\n                    In) for imaging purposes. Intravenous (i.v.) administration of these functionalized SWNT (\n                    <jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic>\n                    -SWNT) followed by radioactivity tracing using gamma scintigraphy indicated that\n                    <jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic>\n                    -SWNT are not retained in any of the reticuloendothelial system organs (liver or spleen) and are rapidly cleared from systemic blood circulation through the renal excretion route. The observed rapid blood clearance and half-life (3 h) of\n                    <jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic>\n                    -SWNT has major implications for all potential clinical uses of CNT. Moreover, urine excretion studies using both\n                    <jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic>\n                    -SWNT and functionalized multiwalled CNT followed by electron microscopy analysis of urine samples revealed that both types of nanotubes were excreted as intact nanotubes. This work describes the pharmacokinetic parameters of i.v. administered functionalized CNT relevant for various therapeutic and diagnostic applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509009103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,21]],"date-time":"2006-02-21T23:03:47Z","timestamp":1140563027000},"page":"3357-3362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":917,"title":["Tissue biodistribution and blood clearance rates of intravenously administered carbon nanotube radiotracers"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Ravi","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Centre for Drug Delivery Research, School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Pantarotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Centre for Drug Delivery Research, School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Institut de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire et Cellulaire, Unit\u00e9 Propre de Recherche 9021, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Immunologie et Chimie Th\u00e9rapeutiques, 67084 Strasbourg, France; and"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universit\u00e0 di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Lacerda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Centre for Drug Delivery Research, School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Pastorin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire et Cellulaire, Unit\u00e9 Propre de Recherche 9021, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Immunologie et Chimie Th\u00e9rapeutiques, 67084 Strasbourg, France; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Klumpp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire et Cellulaire, Unit\u00e9 Propre de Recherche 9021, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Immunologie et Chimie Th\u00e9rapeutiques, 67084 Strasbourg, France; and"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universit\u00e0 di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Prato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Universit\u00e0 di Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Bianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire et Cellulaire, Unit\u00e9 Propre de Recherche 9021, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Immunologie et Chimie Th\u00e9rapeutiques, 67084 Strasbourg, France; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kostas","family":"Kostarelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Centre for Drug Delivery Research, School of Pharmacy, University of London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/318162a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/354056a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","volume-title":"Science of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes","author":"Dresselhaus M. 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