{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:17:54Z","timestamp":1790011074127,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A fall in skin temperature precipitates a repertoire of thermoregulatory responses that reduce the likelihood of a decrease in core temperature. Studies in animals suggest that medullary raph\u00e9 neurons are essential for cold-defense, mediating both the cutaneous vasoconstrictor and thermogenic responses to ambient cooling; however, the involvement of raph\u00e9 neurons in human thermoregulation has not been investigated. This study used functional MRI with an anatomically guided region of interest (ROI) approach to characterize changes in the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal within the human medulla of nine normal subjects during non-noxious cooling and rewarming of the skin by a water-perfused body suit. An ROI covering 4.9 \u00b1 0.3 mm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    in the ventral midline of the medulla immediately caudal to the pons (the rostral medullary raph\u00e9) showed an increase in BOLD signal of 3.9% (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.01) during periods of skin cooling, compared with other times. Overall, that signal showed a strong inverse correlation (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.48,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001) with skin temperature. A larger ROI covering the internal medullary cross section at the same level (area, 126 \u00b1 15 mm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) showed no significant change in mean BOLD signal with cooling (+0.2%,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &gt; 0.05). These findings demonstrate that human rostral medullary raph\u00e9 neurons are selectively activated in response to a thermoregulatory challenge and point to the location of thermoregulatory neurons homologous to those of the raph\u00e9 pallidus nucleus in rodents.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509862103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,9]],"date-time":"2006-01-09T20:39:18Z","timestamp":1136839158000},"page":"809-813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Human medullary responses to cooling and rewarming the skin: A functional MRI study"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Robin M.","family":"McAllen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine, Centre for Neuroscience, and Departments of Physiology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX 78229; Brain Research Institute, Austin Health, West Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia; and Baker Heart Research Institute, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Farrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine, Centre for Neuroscience, and Departments of Physiology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX 78229; Brain Research Institute, Austin Health, West Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia; and Baker Heart Research Institute, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine, Centre for Neuroscience, and Departments of Physiology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX 78229; Brain Research Institute, Austin Health, West Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia; and Baker Heart Research Institute, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Trevaks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine, Centre for Neuroscience, and Departments of Physiology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX 78229; Brain Research Institute, Austin Health, West Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia; and Baker Heart Research Institute, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria 3181, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonie","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine, Centre for Neuroscience, and Departments of Physiology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; 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