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Here, we demonstrate a facile method for producing potent receptor-directed antitoxins. We used phage display to identify a peptide that binds both anthrax-toxin receptors and attached this peptide to a synthetic scaffold. Polyvalency increased the potency of these peptides by &gt;50,000-fold\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and enabled the neutralization of anthrax toxin\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This work demonstrates a receptor-directed anthrax-toxin inhibitor and represents a promising strategy to combat a variety of viral and bacterial diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509870103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,28]],"date-time":"2006-08-28T22:10:40Z","timestamp":1156803040000},"page":"13509-13513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Polyvalent inhibitors of anthrax toxin that target host receptors"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Saleem","family":"Basha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*The Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, NY 12180; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prakash","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*The Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, NY 12180; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Poon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King\u2019s College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arundhati","family":"Saraph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*The Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, NY 12180; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunal","family":"Gujraty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*The Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, NY 12180; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandy Y.","family":"Go","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King\u2019s College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Skanda","family":"Sadacharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King\u2019s College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mia","family":"Frost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King\u2019s College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Mogridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King\u2019s College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravi S.","family":"Kane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*The Howard P. Isermann Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, NY 12180; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1145"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(02)00357-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-3773(19981102)37:20<2754::AID-ANIE2754>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00021a007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(94)90016-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1367-5931(98)80035-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-3773(19980619)37:11<1524::AID-ANIE1524>3.0.CO;2-D"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1001-958"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35001095"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja993388a"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/n35101999"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0431098100"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.114.15.2755"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02763"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401506101"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.19.111301.140655"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.12.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0505865102"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1113380"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro977"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507488102"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.109563"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0602-597"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.200500009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb711"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1204"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-1669(98)80017-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00545.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.11615"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.430"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI10195"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.17.1.657"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M307900200"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0509870103","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T12:35:49Z","timestamp":1649766949000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0509870103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,5]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"36","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0509870103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0509870103","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2005-11-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-09-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}