{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:58:55Z","timestamp":1792292335470,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"13","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Evolution of chromosome complements can be resolved by genome sequencing, comparative genetic mapping, and comparative chromosome painting. Previously, comparison of genetic maps and gene-based phylogenies suggested that the karyotypes of\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 5) and of related species with six or seven chromosome pairs were derived from an ancestral karyotype with eight chromosome pairs. To test this hypothesis, we applied multicolor chromosome painting using contiguous bacterial artificial chromosome pools of\n                    <jats:italic>A. thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                    arranged according to the genetic maps of\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis lyrata<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Capsella rubella<\/jats:italic>\n                    (both\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 8) to\n                    <jats:italic>A. thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>A. lyrata<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Neslia paniculata<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Turritis glabra<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Hornungia alpina<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This approach allowed us to map the\n                    <jats:italic>A. lyrata<\/jats:italic>\n                    centromeres as a prerequisite to defining a putative ancestral karyotype (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 8) and to elucidate the evolutionary mechanisms that shaped the karyotype of\n                    <jats:italic>A. thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                    and its relatives. We conclude that chromosome \u201cfusions\u201d in\n                    <jats:italic>A. thaliana<\/jats:italic>\n                    resulted from (\n                    <jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) generation of acrocentric chromosomes by pericentric inversions, (\n                    <jats:italic>ii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) reciprocal translocation between two chromosomes (one or both acrocentric), and (\n                    <jats:italic>iii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) elimination of a minichromosome that arose in addition to the \u201cfusion chromosome.\u201d Comparative chromosome painting applied to\n                    <jats:italic>N. paniculata<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 7),\n                    <jats:italic>T. glabra<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 6), and\n                    <jats:italic>H. alpina<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 6), for which genetic maps are not available, revealed chromosomal colinearity between all species tested and allowed us to reconstruct the evolution of their chromosomes from a putative ancestral karyotype (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 8). Although involving different ancestral chromosomes, chromosome number reduction followed similar routes as found within the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0510791103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,20]],"date-time":"2006-03-20T20:44:26Z","timestamp":1142887466000},"page":"5224-5229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":360,"title":["Mechanisms of chromosome number reduction in\n                    <i>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/i>\n                    and related Brassicaceae species"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Martin A.","family":"Lysak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AB, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Berr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ales","family":"Pecinka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renate","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14424 Potsdam, Germany; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"McBreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingo","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, 06466 Gatersleben, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-88259-2.50010-2","volume-title":"Chromosome Engineering in Plants: Genetics, Breeding, Evolution (Part A)","author":"Schubert I.","year":"1991","unstructured":"I. 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