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The majority of miscarriages, however, occur earlier, within the first 3 weeks after conception (\u22485 weeks after the last menstrual period). Studies focused on clinical pregnancy thus miss the most critical period for pregnancy continuance. We examined the association between miscarriage and levels of maternal urinary cortisol during the first 3 weeks after conception. Pregnancies characterized by increased maternal cortisol during this period (within participant analyses) were more likely to result in spontaneous abortion (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05). 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