{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:42:53Z","timestamp":1791474173282,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    IL-32 is a recently discovered cytokine that induces TNF\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and chemokines. We investigated whether IL-32 is expressed in the synovia of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and studied associations with disease severity and the presence of other cytokines. Immunohistochemistry revealed that IL-32 is highly expressed in RA synovial tissue biopsies, whereas IL-32 was not observed in synovial tissues from patients with osteoarthritis. Moreover, in synovial biopsies from 29 RA patients with active disease, the level of IL-32 staining correlated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate, a marker of systemic inflammation (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.63 and\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.0003). Synovial staining of IL-32 also correlated with indices of synovial inflammation (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.80 and\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.0001) as well as synovial presence of TNF\u03b1 (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.68 and\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.004), IL-1\u03b2 (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.79 and\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.0001), and IL-18 (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.82 and\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001). IL-32 was a potent inducer of prostaglandin E\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    release in mouse macrophages and human blood monocytes, an important property for inflammation. After the injection of human IL-32\u03b3 into the knee joints of na\u00efve mice, joint swelling, with pronounced influx of inflammatory cells and cartilage damage, was observed. In TNF\u03b1-deficient mice, IL-32-driven joint swelling was absent and cell influx was markedly reduced, but loss of proteoglycan was unaffected, suggesting that IL-32 activity is, in part, TNF\u03b1-dependent. IL-32, strongly associated with TNF\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-18, appears to play a role in human RA and may be a novel target in autoimmune diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0511233103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,21]],"date-time":"2006-02-21T23:03:47Z","timestamp":1140563027000},"page":"3298-3303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":293,"title":["IL-32, a proinflammatory cytokine in rheumatoid arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Leo A. B.","family":"Joosten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Rheumatology Research and Advanced Therapeutics and Departments of"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai G.","family":"Netea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soo-Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Do-Young","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Korea Research Institute of Biotechnology, Taejeon 305-600, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgitte","family":"Oppers-Walgreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Rheumatology Research and Advanced Therapeutics and Departments of"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy R. 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