{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:05:11Z","timestamp":1781103911314,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Therapeutic vaccination with Copaxone (glatiramer acetate, Cop-1) protects motor neurons against acute and chronic degenerative conditions. In acute degeneration after facial nerve axotomy, the number of surviving motor neurons was almost two times higher in Cop-1-vaccinated mice than in nonvaccinated mice, or in mice injected with PBS emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05). In mice that express the mutant human gene Cu\/Zn superoxide dismutase G93A (SOD1), and therefore simulate the chronic human motor neuron disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Cop-1 vaccination prolonged life span compared to untreated matched controls, from 211 \u00b1 7 days (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 15) to 263 \u00b1 8 days (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 14;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.0001). Our studies show that vaccination significantly improved motor activity. In line with the experimentally based concept of protective autoimmunity, these findings suggest that Cop-1 vaccination boosts the local immune response needed to combat destructive self-compounds associated with motor neuron death. Its differential action in CNS autoimmune diseases and neurodegenerative disorders, depending on the regimen used, allows its use as a therapy for either condition. Daily administration of Cop-1 is an approved treatment for multiple sclerosis. The protocol for non-autoimmune neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, remains to be established by future studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0530191100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,15]],"date-time":"2003-04-15T18:56:03Z","timestamp":1050432963000},"page":"4790-4795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":151,"title":["Therapeutic vaccine for acute and chronic motor neuron diseases: Implications for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"D. 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