{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:07:50Z","timestamp":1791306470762,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"23","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The craniate head is innervated by cranial sensory and motor neurons. Cranial sensory neurons stem from the neurogenic placodes and neural crest and are seen as evolutionary innovations crucial in fulfilling the feeding and respiratory needs of the craniate \u201cnew head.\u201d In contrast, cranial motoneurons that are located in the hindbrain and motorize the head have an unclear phylogenetic status. Here we show that these motoneurons are in fact homologous to the motoneurons of the sessile postmetamorphic form of ascidians. The motoneurons of adult\n                    <jats:italic>Ciona intestinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , located in the cerebral ganglion and innervating muscles associated with the huge \u201cbranchial basket,\u201d express the transcription factors CiPhox2 and CiTbx20, whose vertebrate orthologues collectively define cranial motoneurons of the branchiovisceral class. Moreover,\n                    <jats:italic>Ciona<\/jats:italic>\n                    's postmetamorphic motoneurons arise from a hindbrain set aside during larval life and defined as such by its position (caudal to the prosensephalic sensory vesicle) and coexpression of\n                    <jats:italic>CiPhox2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>CiHox1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , whose orthologues collectively mark the vertebrate hindbrain. These data unveil that the postmetamorphic ascidian brain, assumed to be a derived feature, in fact corresponds to the vertebrate hindbrain and push back the evolutionary origin of cranial nerves to before the origin of craniates.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600805103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,31]],"date-time":"2006-05-31T04:58:51Z","timestamp":1149051531000},"page":"8727-8732","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["Precraniate origin of cranial motoneurons"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"H\u00e9lo\u00efse D.","family":"Dufour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 8542, Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure, 46 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoubida","family":"Chettouh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 8542, Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure, 46 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole","family":"Deyts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unit\u00e9 Propre de Recherche 2197, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique\/Morphogen\u00e8se du Syst\u00e8me Nerveux des Chord\u00e9s Group, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renaud","family":"de Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 8542, Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure, 46 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christo","family":"Goridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 8542, Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure, 46 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-St\u00e9phane","family":"Joly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unit\u00e9 Propre de Recherche 2197, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique\/Morphogen\u00e8se du Syst\u00e8me Nerveux des Chord\u00e9s Group, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Brunet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 8542, Ecole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure, 46 Rue d'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","first-page":"1","volume":"7","author":"Kowalevsky A.","year":"1866","unstructured":"A. Kowalevsky Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg 7, 1\u201319 (1866).","journal-title":"Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersbourg"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.125.6.1113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00168-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01201"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1042"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01851-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144255"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(02)00383-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00427-003-0321-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004270050142"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","first-page":"1","volume":"35","author":"Millar R. H.","year":"1953","unstructured":"R. H. Millar LMBC Mem. Typ. Br. Mar. Plants Anim 35, 1\u2013123 (1953).","journal-title":"LMBC Mem. Typ. Br. Mar. Plants Anim"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"317","author":"van Beneden E.","year":"1884","unstructured":"E. van Beneden, C. Julin Arch. Biol V, 317\u2013367 (1884).","journal-title":"Arch. Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","first-page":"295","volume":"35","author":"Willey A.","year":"1894","unstructured":"A. Willey Q. J. Microsc. Sci 35, 295\u2013316 (1894).","journal-title":"Q. J. Microsc. Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","first-page":"163","volume":"6","author":"Elwyn A.","year":"1937","unstructured":"A. Elwyn Bull. Neurol. Inst. N.Y 6, 163\u2013177 (1937).","journal-title":"Bull. Neurol. Inst. N.Y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","first-page":"27","volume":"12","author":"Takamura K.","year":"2002","unstructured":"K. Takamura Rep. Res. Inst. Mar. Bioresour. Fukuyama Univ 12, 27\u201335 (2002).","journal-title":"Rep. Res. Inst. Mar. Bioresour. Fukuyama Univ"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","first-page":"121","volume":"6","author":"Romer A. S.","year":"1972","unstructured":"A. S. Romer Evol. Biol 6, 121\u2013156 (1972).","journal-title":"Evol. Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","volume-title":"The Origin of Vertebrates","author":"Berrill N. J.","year":"1955","unstructured":"N. J. Berrill The Origin of Vertebrates (Clarendon, Oxford, 1955)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(02)00322-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.7.1349"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00866"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-23-07649.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2108\/zsj.21.285"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","first-page":"337","volume":"30","author":"Bone Q.","year":"1958","unstructured":"Q. Bone, M. Whitear Publ. Stn. Zool. Napoli 30, 337\u2013341 (1958).","journal-title":"Publ. Stn. Zool. Napoli"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2005.02.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20082"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(00)00499-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00481-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.17.030194.000545"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.126.6.1295"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2005.06.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401389101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000147529"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.b.21063"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04147.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124.3.589"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1080049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00427-001-0205-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(00)00528-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/16.11.1046"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/360737a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/341156a0"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0600805103","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T14:50:32Z","timestamp":1649775032000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0600805103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,6]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0600805103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0600805103","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1032643.374758","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1032643.374343","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-01-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-06-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}