{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T07:11:45Z","timestamp":1784358705225,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"16","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Presbyopia is an age-related loss of accommodation of the human eye that manifests itself as inability to shift focus from distant to near objects. Assuming no refractive error, presbyopes have clear vision of distant objects; they require reading glasses for viewing near objects. Area-divided bifocal lenses are one example of a treatment for this problem. However, the field of view is limited in such eyeglasses, requiring the user to gaze down to accomplish near-vision tasks and in some cases causing dizziness and discomfort. Here, we report on previously undescribed switchable, flat, liquid-crystal diffractive lenses that can adaptively change their focusing power. The operation of these spectacle lenses is based on electrical control of the refractive index of a 5-\u03bcm-thick layer of nematic liquid crystal using a circular array of photolithographically defined transparent electrodes. It operates with high transmission, low voltage (&lt;2 V\n                    <jats:sub>rms<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), fast response (&lt;1 sec), diffraction efficiency &gt; 90%, small aberrations, and a power-failure-safe configuration. These results represent significant advance in state-of-the-art liquid-crystal diffractive lenses for vision care and other applications. They have the potential of revolutionizing the field of presbyopia correction when combined with automatic adjustable focusing power.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600850103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,6]],"date-time":"2006-04-06T09:55:24Z","timestamp":1144317324000},"page":"6100-6104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":167,"title":["Switchable electro-optic diffractive lens with high efficiency for ophthalmic applications"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Guoqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Mathine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pouria","family":"Valley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pekka","family":"\u00c4yr\u00e4s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua N.","family":"Haddock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. S.","family":"Giridhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Williby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jim","family":"Schwiegerling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721;"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85711"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald R.","family":"Meredith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Kippelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seppo","family":"Honkanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasser","family":"Peyghambarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511609541"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.18.1679"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.1990.tb00974.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.24.L626"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.23.000278"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.23.000992"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.36.004772"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.35.006236"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.21.000689"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. 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