{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:50:13Z","timestamp":1791298213126,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"20","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    \u03bc Opioid receptors are critical for heroin dependence, and A118G SNP of the \u03bc opioid receptor gene (\n                    <jats:italic>OPRM1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) has been linked with heroin abuse. In our population of European Caucasians (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 118), \u224890% of 118G allelic carriers were heroin users. Postmortem brain analyses showed the\n                    <jats:italic>OPRM1<\/jats:italic>\n                    genotype associated with transcription, translation, and processing of the human striatal opioid neuropeptide system. Whereas down-regulation of preproenkephalin and preprodynorphin genes was evident in all heroin users, the effects were exaggerated in 118G subjects and were most prominent for preproenkephalin in the nucleus accumbens shell. Reduced opioid neuropeptide transcription was accompanied by increased dynorphin and enkephalin peptide concentrations exclusively in 118G heroin subjects, suggesting that the peptide processing is associated with the\n                    <jats:italic>OPRM1<\/jats:italic>\n                    genotype. Abnormal gene expression related to peptide convertase and ubiquitin\/proteosome regulation was also evident in heroin users. Taken together, alterations in opioid neuropeptide systems might underlie enhanced opiate abuse vulnerability apparent in 118G individuals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600871103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,8]],"date-time":"2006-05-08T21:41:15Z","timestamp":1147124475000},"page":"7883-7888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["\u03bc Opioid receptor A118G polymorphism in association with striatal opioid neuropeptide gene expression in heroin abusers"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Katarina","family":"Drakenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sections of *Psychiatry and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrej","family":"Nikoshkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sections of *Psychiatry and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika Cs","family":"Horv\u00e1th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sections of *Psychiatry and"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Division of Pharmacology, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; 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