{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T02:19:33Z","timestamp":1791425973902,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"17","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    West Nile (WN) virus is an important cause of febrile exanthem and encephalitis. Since it invaded the U.S. in 1999, &gt;19,000 human cases have been reported. The threat of continued epidemics has spurred efforts to develop vaccines. ChimeriVax-WN02 is a live, attenuated recombinant vaccine constructed from an infectious clone of yellow fever (YF) 17D virus in which the premembrane and envelope genes of 17D have been replaced by the corresponding genes of WN virus. Preclinical tests in monkeys defined sites of vaccine virus replication\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . ChimeriVax-WN02 and YF 17D had similar biodistribution but different multiplication kinetics. Prominent sites of replication were skin and lymphoid tissues, generally sparing vital organs. Viruses were cleared from blood by day 7 and from tissues around day 14. In a clinical study, healthy adults were inoculated with 5.0 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    plaque-forming units (PFU) (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 30) or 3.0 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    PFU (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 15) of ChimeriVax-WN02, commercial YF vaccine (YF-VAX,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 5), or placebo (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 30). The incidence of adverse events in subjects receiving the vaccine was similar to that in the placebo group. Transient viremia was detected in 42 of 45 (93%) of ChimeriVax-WN02 subjects, and four of five (80%) of YF-VAX subjects. All subjects developed neutralizing antibodies to WN or YF, respectively, and the majority developed specific T cell responses. ChimeriVax-WN02 rapidly elicits strong immune responses after a single dose, and is a promising candidate warranting further evaluation for prevention of WN disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601932103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,14]],"date-time":"2006-04-14T20:16:00Z","timestamp":1145045760000},"page":"6694-6699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":207,"title":["A live, attenuated recombinant West Nile virus vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Thomas P.","family":"Monath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Acambis, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Acambis, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niranjan","family":"Kanesa-Thasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Acambis, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gwendolyn A.","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Acambis, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Acambis, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Deary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acambis, 100 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9PT, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acambis, 100 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9PT, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casey","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johnson County Clin-Trials, 15602 College Boulevard, Lenexa, KS 66219; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Ermak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Acambis, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunheang","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Acambis, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Arroyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Acambis, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farshad","family":"Guirakhoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Acambis, 38 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey S.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"**Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis A.","family":"Ennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"**Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharone","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"**Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Bedford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acambis, 100 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge CB1 9PT, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","volume-title":"Health Statistics","year":"2005","unstructured":"Health Statistics (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, 2005)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"221","volume":"114","author":"Ng T.","year":"2003","unstructured":"T. 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