{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:35:23Z","timestamp":1791300923051,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"35","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Many infectious viruses coevolved with the vertebrate immune system. During the assembly of enveloped viruses, lipid ordered domains of the host cell plasma membrane, called lipid rafts, frequently function as a natural meeting point for viral proteins. The role of lipid rafts in the organization of complex combinations of immune receptors during antigen presentation and T cell signaling is widely recognized. In our studies, we determined whether lipid rafts, virus budding, and molecular interactions during T cell activation could be brought into a novel context to create artificial antigen-presenting particles. We show here that cell-free virus-like particles (VLP) expressing a surrogate TCR\/CD3 ligand (OKT3scFv) and the costimulator CD80 polyclonally activate human T cells independently of accessory cells. VLP expressing the glycoprotein epitope 33\u201341 of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in the context of H-2D\n                    <jats:sup>b<\/jats:sup>\n                    activate and expand na\u00efve, antigen-specific CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T lymphocytes and differentiate them into cytotoxic effector cells. Efficient targeting of T cell ligands to lipid rafts and ultimately to VLP is achieved by C-terminal introduction of glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol acceptor sequences, replacing transmembrane and intracellular domains. In this work, basic functions of immunostimulatory molecules meet virus biology and translate into a reductionist antigen-specific T lymphocyte-stimulating vehicle, which we refer to as immunosomes. A large variety of agonistic and antagonistic accessory molecules on genuine antigen-presenting cells may complicate the predictable manipulation of T cells as well as the analysis of selected receptor combinations, making immunosomes potentially useful reagents for such purposes in the future.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602283103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,21]],"date-time":"2006-08-21T20:39:52Z","timestamp":1156192792000},"page":"13144-13149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Direct stimulation of T lymphocytes by immunosomes: Virus-like particles decorated with T cell receptor\/CD3 ligands plus costimulatory molecules"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Sophia V.","family":"Derdak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institutes of *Immunology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans J.","family":"Kueng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institutes of *Immunology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria M.","family":"Leb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institutes of *Immunology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Neunkirchner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institutes of *Immunology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus G.","family":"Schmetterer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institutes of *Immunology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edith","family":"Bielek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Otto","family":"Majdic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institutes of *Immunology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Knapp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institutes of *Immunology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Seed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winfried F.","family":"Pickl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institutes of *Immunology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/32588"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7761853"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/1592591507"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065X.2002.18607.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri746"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/74455"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1131852100"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07144-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","first-page":"483","volume":"60","author":"Perrin P.","year":"1985","unstructured":"P. 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