{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T10:21:04Z","timestamp":1791109264287,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"20","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    To achieve full ripening, climacteric fruits, such as tomato require synthesis, perception and signal transduction of the plant hormone ethylene. The nonripening phenotype of the dominant\n                    <jats:italic>Green-ripe<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Gr<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and\n                    <jats:italic>Never-ripe 2<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Nr-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) mutants of tomato is the result of reduced ethylene responsiveness in fruit tissues. In addition, a subset of ethylene responses associated with floral senescence, abscission, and root elongation are also impacted in mutant plants, but to a lesser extent. Using positional cloning, we have identified an identical 334-bp deletion in a gene of unknown biochemical function at the\n                    <jats:italic>Gr<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>Nr-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    locus. Consistent with a dominant gain of function mutation, this deletion causes ectopic expression of\n                    <jats:italic>Gr<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>Nr-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which in turn leads to ripening inhibition. A\n                    <jats:italic>CaMV35<\/jats:italic>\n                    ::\n                    <jats:italic>GR<\/jats:italic>\n                    transgene recreates the\n                    <jats:italic>Gr<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>Nr-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant phenotype but does not lead to a global reduction in ethylene responsiveness, suggesting tissue-specific modulation of ethylene responses in tomato.\n                    <jats:italic>Gr<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>Nr-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    encodes an evolutionary conserved protein of unknown biochemical function that we associate here with ethylene signaling. Because\n                    <jats:italic>Gr<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>Nr-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    has no sequence homology with the previously described\n                    <jats:italic>Nr<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Never-ripe<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) ethylene receptor of tomato we now refer to this gene only as\n                    <jats:italic>GR<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Identification of\n                    <jats:italic>GR<\/jats:italic>\n                    expands the current repertoire of ethylene signaling components in plants and provides a tool for further elucidation of ethylene response mechanisms and for controlling ethylene signal specificity in crop plants.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602319103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,8]],"date-time":"2006-05-08T21:41:15Z","timestamp":1147124475000},"page":"7923-7928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":197,"title":["Ripening in the tomato\n                    <i>Green-ripe<\/i>\n                    mutant is inhibited by ectopic expression of a protein that disrupts ethylene signaling"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Cornelius S.","family":"Barry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James J.","family":"Giovannoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853; and"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture\/Agriculture Research Service, Plant, Soil, and Nutrition Laboratory, Ithaca, NY 14853"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.241.4869.1086"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"513","volume":"2","author":"Guzman P.","year":"1990","unstructured":"P. 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