{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:54:47Z","timestamp":1781106887605,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"20","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Prevention of inhalational anthrax after\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spore exposure requires a prolonged course of antibiotic prophylaxis. In response to the 2001 anthrax attack in the United States, \u224810,000 people were offered 60 days of antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent inhalational anthrax, but adherence to this regimen was poor. We sought to determine whether a short course of antibiotic prophylaxis after exposure could protect non-human primates from a high-dose spore challenge if vaccination was combined with antibiotics. Two groups of 10 rhesus macaques were exposed to \u22481,600 LD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    of spores by aerosol. Both groups were given ciprofloxacin by orogastric tube twice daily for 14 days, beginning 1\u20132 h after exposure. One group also received three doses of the licensed human anthrax vaccine (anthrax vaccine adsorbed) after exposure. In the ciprofloxacin-only group, four of nine monkeys (44%) survived the challenge. In contrast, all 10 monkeys that received 14 days of antibiotic plus anthrax vaccine adsorbed survived (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.011). Thus postexposure vaccination enhanced the protection afforded by 14 days of antibiotic prophylaxis alone and completely protected animals against inhalational anthrax. These data provide evidence that postexposure vaccination can shorten the duration of antibiotic prophylaxis required to protect against inhalational anthrax and may impact public health management of a bioterrorism event.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602748103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,3]],"date-time":"2006-05-03T20:51:10Z","timestamp":1146689470000},"page":"7813-7816","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Short-course postexposure antibiotic prophylaxis combined with vaccination protects against experimental inhalational anthrax"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Vietri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of *Bacteriology, Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bret K.","family":"Purcell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of *Bacteriology, Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James V.","family":"Lawler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth K.","family":"Leffel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Aerobiological Sciences, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Rico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher S.","family":"Gamble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy A.","family":"Twenhafel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce E.","family":"Ivins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of *Bacteriology, Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry S.","family":"Heine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of *Bacteriology, Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Sheeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayer Pharmaceutical Corporation, 400 Morgan Lane, West Haven, CT 06516; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"**Biodefense Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 6700A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20982"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur M.","family":"Friedlander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headquarters, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD 21702;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.22.2104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"691","volume":"73","author":"Fritz D. 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Swartz (Blackwell Science, Oxford), pp. 335\u2013349 (2000)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)80112-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0810.020380"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","unstructured":"Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals 1996"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0602748103","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T14:47:29Z","timestamp":1649774849000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0602748103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,16]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,16]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0602748103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0602748103","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-02-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-05-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}