{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T10:35:51Z","timestamp":1792665351291,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"39","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Leptospirosis is one of the most common zoonotic diseases in the world, resulting in high morbidity and mortality in humans and affecting global livestock production. Most infections are caused by either\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira borgpetersenii<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira interrogans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , bacteria that vary in their distribution in nature and rely on different modes of transmission. We report the complete genomic sequences of two strains of\n                    <jats:italic>L. borgpetersenii<\/jats:italic>\n                    serovar Hardjo that have distinct phenotypes and virulence. These two strains have nearly identical genetic content, with subtle frameshift and point mutations being a common form of genetic variation. Starkly limited regions of synteny are shared between the large chromosomes of\n                    <jats:italic>L. borgpetersenii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , probably the result of frequent recombination events between insertion sequences. The\n                    <jats:italic>L. borgpetersenii<\/jats:italic>\n                    genome is \u2248700 kb smaller and has a lower coding density than\n                    <jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , indicating it is decaying through a process of insertion sequence-mediated genome reduction. Loss of gene function is not random but is centered on impairment of environmental sensing and metabolite transport and utilization. These features distinguish\n                    <jats:italic>L. borgpetersenii<\/jats:italic>\n                    from\n                    <jats:italic>L. interrogans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a species with minimal genetic decay and that survives extended passage in aquatic environments encountering a mammalian host. We conclude that\n                    <jats:italic>L. borgpetersenii<\/jats:italic>\n                    is evolving toward dependence on a strict host-to-host transmission cycle.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0603979103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,14]],"date-time":"2006-09-14T20:46:50Z","timestamp":1158266810000},"page":"14560-14565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":321,"title":["Genome reduction in\n                    <i>Leptospira borgpetersenii<\/i>\n                    reflects limited transmission potential"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Dieter M.","family":"Bulach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program,"},{"name":"Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard 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Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Cullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program,"},{"name":"Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Genome Research Facility, Gehrmann Laboratories, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Genome Research Facility, Gehrmann Laboratories, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Kuczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Genome Research Facility, Gehrmann Laboratories, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Alt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brooke","family":"Peterson-Burch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross L.","family":"Coppel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, and"},{"name":"Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian I.","family":"Rood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program,"},{"name":"Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, and"},{"name":"Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John K.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Australian Bacterial Pathogenesis Program,"},{"name":"Victorian Bioinformatics Consortium, and"},{"name":"Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Australian 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