{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:12:38Z","timestamp":1791915158604,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"51","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We describe a microfluidic genetic analysis system that represents a previously undescribed integrated microfluidic device capable of accepting whole blood as a crude biological sample with the endpoint generation of a genetic profile. Upon loading the sample, the glass microfluidic genetic analysis system device carries out on-chip DNA purification and PCR-based amplification, followed by separation and detection in a manner that allows for microliter samples to be screened for infectious pathogens with sample-in\u2013answer-out results in &lt;30 min. A single syringe pump delivers sample\/reagents to the chip for nucleic acid purification from a biological sample. Elastomeric membrane valving isolates each distinct functional region of the device and, together with resistive flow, directs purified DNA and PCR reagents from the extraction domain into a 550-nl chamber for rapid target sequence PCR amplification. Repeated pressure-based injections of nanoliter aliquots of amplicon (along with the DNA sizing standard) allow electrophoretic separation and detection to provide DNA fragment size information. The presence of\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (anthrax) in 750 nl of whole blood from living asymptomatic infected mice and of\n                    <jats:italic>Bordetella pertussis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in 1 \u03bcl of nasal aspirate from a patient suspected of having whooping cough are confirmed by the resultant genetic profile.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604663103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,12]],"date-time":"2006-12-12T05:42:26Z","timestamp":1165902146000},"page":"19272-19277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":502,"title":["A fully integrated microfluidic genetic analysis system with sample-in\u2013answer-out capability"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Easley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Karlinsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan M.","family":"Bienvenue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay A.","family":"Legendre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Roper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanford H.","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of \u2020Comparative Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly A.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik L.","family":"Hewlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tod J.","family":"Merkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 28092"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerome P.","family":"Ferrance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Landers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904;"},{"name":"Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908; 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