{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T07:18:43Z","timestamp":1791098323713,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"42","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Plague is a highly virulent disease believed to have killed millions during three historic human pandemics. Worldwide, it remains a threat to humans and is a potential agent of bioterrorism. Dissemination of\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the etiological agent of plague, by blocked fleas has been the accepted paradigm for flea-borne transmission. However, this mechanism, which requires a lengthy extrinsic incubation period before a short infectious window often followed by death of the flea, cannot sufficiently explain the rapid rate of spread that typifies plague epidemics and epizootics. Inconsistencies between the expected rate of spread by blocked rat fleas and that observed during the Black Death has even caused speculation that plague was not the cause of this medieval pandemic. We used the primary vector to humans in North America,\n                    <jats:italic>Oropsylla montana<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which rarely becomes blocked, as a model for studying alternative flea-borne transmission mechanisms. Our data revealed that, in contrast to the classical blocked flea model,\n                    <jats:italic>O. montana<\/jats:italic>\n                    is immediately infectious, transmits efficiently for at least 4 d postinfection (early phase) and may remain infectious for a long time because the fleas do not suffer block-induced mortality. These factors match the criteria required to drive plague epizootics as defined by recently published mathematical models. The scenario of efficient early-phase transmission by unblocked fleas described in our study calls for a paradigm shift in concepts of how\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is transmitted during rapidly spreading epizootics and epidemics, including, perhaps, the Black Death.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606831103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,10]],"date-time":"2006-10-10T22:54:28Z","timestamp":1160520868000},"page":"15380-15385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":194,"title":["Early-phase transmission of\n                    <i>Yersinia pestis<\/i>\n                    by unblocked fleas as a mechanism explaining rapidly spreading plague epizootics"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Rebecca J.","family":"Eisen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, P.O. Box 2087, Fort Collins, CO 80522; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott W.","family":"Bearden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, P.O. Box 2087, Fort Collins, CO 80522; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aryn P.","family":"Wilder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, P.O. Box 2087, Fort Collins, CO 80522; and"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Montenieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, P.O. Box 2087, Fort Collins, CO 80522; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael F.","family":"Antolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth L.","family":"Gage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, P.O. Box 2087, Fort Collins, CO 80522; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","first-page":"237","volume":"50","author":"Barnes AM","year":"1982","unstructured":"AM Barnes Symp Zool Soc Lond 50, 237\u2013270 (1982).","journal-title":"Symp Zool Soc Lond"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70438-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","volume-title":"Plague in the Western Part of the United States","author":"Eskey CR","year":"1940","unstructured":"CR Eskey, VH Haas Plague in the Western Part of the United States (US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1940)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.50.071803.130337"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1958.tb35421.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","volume-title":"Plague, World Health Organization Monograph Series","author":"Pollitzer R","year":"1954","unstructured":"R Pollitzer Plague, World Health Organization Monograph Series (WHO, Geneva, No 22. (1954)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0510090103"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/hub.2003.0067"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","first-page":"423","volume":"13","author":"Bacot AW","year":"1914","unstructured":"AW Bacot, CJ Martin J Hyg 13, 423\u2013439 (1914).","journal-title":"J Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400003260"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400014042"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.552"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1956.5.1058"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1958.7.317"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/77.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.58.562"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-006-0455-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/429931"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-8.2.127"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","first-page":"184","volume":"27","author":"Lewis RE","year":"2002","unstructured":"RE Lewis J Vector Ecol 27, 184\u2013206 (2002).","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4851.1432-h"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5273.367"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","first-page":"67 pp","volume-title":"The Potential for Human Plague Acquired from Rock Squirrels in the Fort Collins Area","author":"Quinones BE","year":"1988","unstructured":"BE Quinones The Potential for Human Plague Acquired from Rock Squirrels in the Fort Collins Area (Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO), pp. 67 pp (1988)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/8.6.668"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","first-page":"41","volume":"12","author":"Bibikova VA","year":"1965","unstructured":"VA Bibikova Cesk Parazitol 12, 41\u201346 (1965).","journal-title":"Cesk Parazitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.22.010177.000323"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4894(56)80003-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4564670"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"Quan SF","year":"1953","unstructured":"SF Quan, AL Burroughs, R Holdenried, KF Meyer Estratto Dagli Atti VI Congr Int Microbiol 5, 1\u20134 (1953).","journal-title":"Estratto Dagli Atti VI Congr Int Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/90.2.131"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","first-page":"497","volume":"54","author":"Ell SR","year":"1980","unstructured":"SR Ell Bull Hist Med 54, 497\u2013510 (1980).","journal-title":"Bull Hist Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","first-page":"233","volume":"13","author":"Beaucournu JC","year":"1995","unstructured":"JC Beaucournu Bull Soc Franc Parasitol 13, 233\u2013252 (1995).","journal-title":"Bull Soc Franc Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","first-page":"813","volume":"213","author":"Blanc G","year":"1941","unstructured":"G Blanc, M Baltazard C R Acad Sci 213, 813\u2013816 (1941).","journal-title":"C R Acad Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","first-page":"315","volume":"10","author":"Gubareva NP","year":"1976","unstructured":"NP Gubareva, AK Akiev, BM Zemelman, GA Abdurakhmanov Parazitologiya 10, 315\u2013319 (1976).","journal-title":"Parazitologiya"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01446.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.1.35"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","first-page":"570","volume":"37","author":"Burrows TW","year":"1956","unstructured":"TW Burrows, S Jackson Br J Exp Pathol 37, 570\u2013576 (1956).","journal-title":"Br J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/am.18.5.834-837.1969"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","first-page":"129 pp","volume-title":"Laboratory Manual of Plague Diagnostic Tests","author":"Chu MC","year":"2000","unstructured":"MC Chu Laboratory Manual of Plague Diagnostic Tests (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\/WHO, Geneva), pp. 129 pp (2000)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)62360-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/25.3.186"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/am.28.2.323-325.1974"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(69)90068-6"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0606831103","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T15:50:38Z","timestamp":1649778638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0606831103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,17]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"42","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,17]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0606831103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0606831103","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-08-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-10-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}