{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:10:01Z","timestamp":1781611801117,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"41","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Crystal (Cry) proteins produced by the soil bacterium\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus thuringiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Bt) are harmless to vertebrates, but they are highly toxic to insects and nematodes. Their value in controlling insects that destroy crops and transmit human diseases is well established. Although it has recently been demonstrated that a few individual Bt Cry proteins, such as Cry5B, are toxic to a wide range of free-living nematodes, the potential activity of purified Cry proteins against parasitic nematodes remains largely unknown. We report here studies aimed at characterizing\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    anthelminthic activities of purified recombinant Cry5B against the hookworm parasite\n                    <jats:italic>Ancylostoma ceylanicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a bloodfeeding gastrointestinal nematode for which humans are permissive hosts. By using\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    larval development assays, Cry5B was found to be highly toxic to early stage hookworm larvae. Exposure of adult\n                    <jats:italic>A. ceylanicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    to Cry5B was also associated with significant toxicity, including a substantial reduction in egg excretion by adult female worms. To demonstrate therapeutic efficacy\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , hamsters infected with\n                    <jats:italic>A. ceylanicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    were treated with three daily oral doses of purified Cry5B, the benzimidazole anthelminthic mebendazole, or buffer. Compared with control (buffer-treated) animals, infected hamsters that received Cry5B showed statistically significant improvements in growth and blood hemoglobin levels as well as reduced worm burdens that were comparable to the mebendazole-treated animals. These data demonstrate that Cry5B is highly active\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    against a globally significant nematode parasite and that Cry5B warrants further clinical development for human and veterinary use.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607002103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,27]],"date-time":"2006-09-27T20:44:51Z","timestamp":1159389891000},"page":"15154-15159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["A purified\n                    <i>Bacillus thuringiensis<\/i>\n                    crystal protein with therapeutic activity against the hookworm parasite\n                    <i>Ancylostoma ceylanicum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Cappello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Program in International Child Health, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard D.","family":"Bungiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Program in International Child Health, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Program in International Child Health, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry J.","family":"Bischof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel S.","family":"Griffitts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brad D.","family":"Barrows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffi V.","family":"Aroian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00027-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2003.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020336"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2004.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022023620599"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00043-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(97)00106-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.57.25"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.10117"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.11.5328-5330.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0538072100"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2005.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408410490270712"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","volume-title":"Global Status of Commercialized Biotech\/GM Crops","author":"James C","year":"2005","unstructured":"C James Global Status of Commercialized Biotech\/GM Crops (ISAAA, Ithaca, NY, International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications Briefs No 34. 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