{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T23:58:19Z","timestamp":1790985499952,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"49","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Systemic anthrax, caused by inhalation or ingestion of\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores, is characterized by rapid microbial growth stages that require iron. Tightly bound and highly regulated in a mammalian host, iron is scarce during an infection. To scavenge iron from its environment,\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    synthesizes by independent pathways two small molecules, the siderophores bacillibactin (BB) and petrobactin (PB). Despite the great efficiency of BB at chelating iron, PB may be the only siderophore necessary to ensure full virulence of the pathogen. In the present work, we show that BB is specifically bound by siderocalin, a recently discovered innate immune protein that is part of an antibacterial iron-depletion defense. In contrast, neither PB nor its ferric complex is bound by siderocalin. Although BB incorporates the common 2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl iron-chelating subunit, PB is novel in that it incorporates the very unusual 3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl chelating subunit. This structural variation results in a large change in the shape of both the iron complex and the free siderophore that precludes siderocalin binding, a stealthy evasion of the immune system. Our results indicate that the blockade of bacterial siderophore-mediated iron acquisition by siderocalin is not restricted to enteric pathogenic organisms and may be a general defense mechanism against several different bacterial species. Significantly, to evade this innate immune response,\n                    <jats:italic>B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    produces PB, which plays a key role in virulence of the organism. This analysis argues for antianthrax strategies targeting siderophore synthesis and uptake.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607055103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,28]],"date-time":"2006-11-28T22:14:10Z","timestamp":1164752050000},"page":"18499-18503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":173,"title":["Anthrax pathogen evades the mammalian immune system through stealth siderophore production"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Rebecca J.","family":"Abergel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa K.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216-4505; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean E. L.","family":"Arceneaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216-4505; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trisha M.","family":"Hoette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland K.","family":"Strong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. Rowe","family":"Byers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216-4505; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth N.","family":"Raymond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909093411107"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","first-page":"335","volume":"20","author":"Friedlander AM","year":"2000","unstructured":"AM Friedlander Curr Clin Top Infect Dis 20, 335\u2013349 (2000).","journal-title":"Curr Clin Top Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.56.3.182"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03861.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-08-043748-6\/08175-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/o02-159"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-004-4286-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","first-page":"577","volume":"18","author":"Koppisch AT","year":"2005","unstructured":"AT Koppisch, CC Browder, AM Moe, JT Shelley, BA Kinkel, LE Hersman, S Iyer, CE Ruggiero Bio Metals 18, 577\u2013585 (2005).","journal-title":"Bio Metals"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.07.055"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M009140200"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","first-page":"601","volume":"6","author":"Challis G","year":"2005","unstructured":"G Challis Chem Biochem 6, 601\u2013611 (2005).","journal-title":"Chem Biochem"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0119088"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4020(03)00103-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0630018100"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja055898c"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja062476"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(02)00708-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604636103"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03104"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.11.3578-3589.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2004.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja016651s"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ic060321x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007750000149"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio771"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2004.04383.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-004-4442-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0682(200109)2001:9<2287::AID-EJIC2287>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.28.1132"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00068a036"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1996.0238"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0607055103","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T15:17:16Z","timestamp":1649776636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0607055103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,5]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"49","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0607055103"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0607055103","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-08-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2006-12-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}