{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T14:54:27Z","timestamp":1791039267522,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"46","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Recent analyses of global pig populations revealed strict correlations between mtDNA phylogenies and geographic locations. An exception was the monophyletic \u201cPacific clade\u201d (PC) of pigs not previously linked to any specific location. We examined mtDNA sequences of two varieties of Vanuatu sacred pigs, the male pseudohermaphroditic\n                    <jats:italic>Narave<\/jats:italic>\n                    from the island of Malo (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 9) and the hairless\n                    <jats:italic>Kapia<\/jats:italic>\n                    from the island of Tanna (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 9), as well as control pigs (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 21) from the islands of Malo, Tanna, and Epi and compared them with GenBank sequences to determine (\n                    <jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) the distribution of PC and introduced domestic lineages within Vanuatu, (\n                    <jats:italic>ii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) relationship between the\n                    <jats:italic>Narave<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Kapia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and (\n                    <jats:italic>iii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) origin of the PC. All of the\n                    <jats:italic>Narave<\/jats:italic>\n                    share two PC mtDNA sequences, one of which matches the sequence of a\n                    <jats:italic>Narave<\/jats:italic>\n                    collected in 1927, consistent with an unbroken maternal descent of these intersex pigs from the original pigs brought to Vanuatu 3,200 years ago. One-third of the\n                    <jats:italic>Kapia<\/jats:italic>\n                    share a single PC lineage also found in the\n                    <jats:italic>Narave<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The remaining\n                    <jats:italic>Kapia<\/jats:italic>\n                    lineages are associated with recently introduced, globally distributed domestic breeds. The predominant\n                    <jats:italic>Narave<\/jats:italic>\n                    lineage is also shared with two wild boars from Vietnam. These data suggest that PC pigs were recently domesticated within Southeast Asia and dispersed during the human colonization of Remote Oceania associated with the Lapita cultural complex. More extensive sampling of Southeast Asian wild boar diversity may refine the location of Pacific pig domestication and potentially the proximate homeland of the Lapita cultural complex.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608220103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,6]],"date-time":"2006-11-06T20:54:23Z","timestamp":1162846463000},"page":"17190-17195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Recent Southeast Asian domestication and Lapita dispersal of sacred male pseudohermaphroditic \u201ctuskers\u201d and hairless pigs of Vanuatu"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"J. Koji","family":"Lum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Laboratory of Evolutionary Anthropology and Health, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James K.","family":"McIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest Pacific Research Foundation, Fernandina Beach, FL 32034;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas L.","family":"Greger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dairy and Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-3503; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirk W.","family":"Huffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel G.","family":"Vilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Laboratory of Evolutionary 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