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Using MRI, we show that human central nervous system stem cells transplanted either to the neonatal, the adult, or the injured rodent brain respond to cues characteristic for the ambient microenvironment resulting in distinct migration patterns. Nanoparticle-labeled human central nervous system stem cells survive long-term and differentiate in a site-specific manner identical to that seen for transplants of unlabeled cells. We also demonstrate the impact of graft location on cell migration and describe magnetic resonance characteristics of graft cell death and subsequent clearance. Knowledge of migration patterns and implementation of noninvasive stem cell tracking might help to improve the design of future clinical neural stem cell transplantation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608519104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,6]],"date-time":"2007-06-06T20:54:51Z","timestamp":1181163291000},"page":"10211-10216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":280,"title":["Long-term monitoring of transplanted human neural stem cells in developmental and pathological contexts with MRI"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Raphael","family":"Guzman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, R200, Stanford, CA 94305-5327;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuko","family":"Uchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"StemCells, Inc., 3155 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