{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:49:48Z","timestamp":1791002988349,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Tetramers of MHC\u2013peptide complexes are used for detection and characterization of antigen-specific T cell responses, but they require knowledge about both antigenic peptide and the MHC restriction element. The successful application of these reagents in human diseases involving CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells is limited. Celiac disease, an intestinal inflammation driven by mucosal CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells recognizing wheat gluten peptides in the context of disease-associated HLA-DQ molecules, is an ideal model to test the potential clinical use of these reagents. We investigated whether gluten-specific T cells can be detected in the peripheral blood of celiac disease patients using DQ2 tetramers. Nine DQ2\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    patients and six control individuals on a gluten-free diet were recruited to the study. Participants consumed 160 g of gluten-containing bread daily for 3 days. After bread-challenge, gluten-specific T cells were detectable in the peripheral blood of celiac patients but not controls both directly by tetramer staining and indirectly by enzyme-linked immunospot. These T cells expressed the \u03b2\n                    <jats:sub>7<\/jats:sub>\n                    integrin indicative of gut-homing properties. Most of the cells had a memory phenotype, but many other phenotypic markers showed a heterogeneous pattern. Tetramer staining of gluten-specific T cells has the potential to be used for diagnosis of celiac disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608610104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,16]],"date-time":"2007-02-16T20:57:20Z","timestamp":1171659440000},"page":"2831-2836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":146,"title":["Tetramer visualization of gut-homing gluten-specific T cells in the peripheral blood of celiac disease patients"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Melinda","family":"R\u00e1ki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, 0027 Oslo, Norway;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars-Egil","family":"Fallang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, 0027 Oslo, Norway;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margit","family":"Brottveit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Ullevaal University Hospital, 0407 Oslo, Norway;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elin","family":"Bergseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, 0027 Oslo, Norway;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanne","family":"Quarsten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, 0027 Oslo, Norway;"},{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, Agder University College, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Knut E. 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