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To address this question, we measured brain activation by functional MRI during visual word rhyme judgment compared with visual cross-hair fixation rest, and we measured gray matter morphology by voxel-based morphometry in dyslexic adolescents in comparison with (\n                    <jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) an age-matched group, and (\n                    <jats:italic>ii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) a reading-matched group younger than the dyslexic group but equal to the dyslexic group in reading performance. Relative to the age-matched group (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 19; mean 14.4 years), the dyslexic group (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 19; mean 14.4 years) exhibited hypoactivation in left parietal and bilateral fusiform cortices and hyperactivation in left inferior and middle frontal gyri, caudate, and thalamus. Relative to the reading-matched group (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 12; mean 9.8 years), the dyslexic group (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 12; mean 14.5 years) also exhibited hypoactivation in left parietal and fusiform regions but equal activation in all four areas that had exhibited hyperactivation relative to age-matched controls as well. In regions that exhibited atypical activation in the dyslexic group, only the left parietal region exhibited reduced gray matter volume relative to both control groups. Thus, areas of hyperactivation in dyslexia reflected processes related to the level of current reading ability independent of dyslexia. In contrast, areas of hypoactivation in dyslexia reflected functional atypicalities related to dyslexia itself, independent of current reading ability, and related to atypical brain morphology in dyslexia.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609399104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,23]],"date-time":"2007-02-23T22:34:03Z","timestamp":1172270043000},"page":"4234-4239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":359,"title":["Functional and morphometric brain dissociation between dyslexia and reading ability"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Fumiko","family":"Hoeft","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Building 420, m\/c 2130, Palo Alto, CA 94305-2130;"},{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Palo Alto, CA 94305-5795;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Meyler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Baker Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arvel","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Building 420, m\/c 2130, Palo Alto, CA 94305-2130;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connie","family":"Juel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, Stanford University, 485 Lausen Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305-3096"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Taylor-Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Building 420, m\/c 2130, Palo Alto, CA 94305-2130;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Martindale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Building 420, m\/c 2130, Palo Alto, CA 94305-2130;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenn","family":"McMillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Building 420, m\/c 2130, Palo Alto, CA 94305-2130;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galena","family":"Kolchugina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Building 420, m\/c 2130, Palo Alto, CA 94305-2130;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica M.","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Building 420, m\/c 2130, Palo Alto, CA 94305-2130;"},{"name":"School of Education, Stanford University, 485 Lausen Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305-3096"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afrooz","family":"Faizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Building 420, m\/c 2130, Palo Alto, CA 94305-2130;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gayle K.","family":"Deutsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Building 420, m\/c 2130, Palo Alto, CA 94305-2130;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wai Ting","family":"Siok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Building 420, m\/c 2130, Palo Alto, CA 94305-2130;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan L.","family":"Reiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Palo Alto, CA 94305-5795;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Whitfield-Gabrieli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Building 420, m\/c 2130, Palo Alto, CA 94305-2130;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D. 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