{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T02:21:12Z","timestamp":1783131672325,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"21","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Municipal wastewaters are a complex mixture containing estrogens and estrogen mimics that are known to affect the reproductive health of wild fishes. Male fishes downstream of some wastewater outfalls produce vitellogenin (VTG) (a protein normally synthesized by females during oocyte maturation) and early-stage eggs in their testes, and this feminization has been attributed to the presence of estrogenic substances such as natural estrogens [estrone or 17\u03b2-estradiol (E2)], the synthetic estrogen used in birth-control pills [17\u03b1-ethynylestradiol (EE2)], or weaker estrogen mimics such as nonylphenol in the water. Despite widespread evidence that male fishes are being feminized, it is not known whether these low-level, chronic exposures adversely impact the sustainability of wild populations. We conducted a 7-year, whole-lake experiment at the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) in northwestern Ontario, Canada, and showed that chronic exposure of fathead minnow (\n                    <jats:italic>Pimephales promelas<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) to low concentrations (5\u20136 ng\u00b7L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) of the potent 17\u03b1-ethynylestradiol led to feminization of males through the production of vitellogenin mRNA and protein, impacts on gonadal development as evidenced by intersex in males and altered oogenesis in females, and, ultimately, a near extinction of this species from the lake. Our observations demonstrate that the concentrations of estrogens and their mimics observed in freshwaters can impact the sustainability of wild fish populations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609568104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,22]],"date-time":"2007-05-22T18:08:20Z","timestamp":1179857300000},"page":"8897-8901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1758,"title":["Collapse of a fish population after exposure to a synthetic estrogen"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Karen A.","family":"Kidd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N6; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Blanchfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N6; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth H.","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N6; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vince P.","family":"Palace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N6; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Freshwater Institute, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N6; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Lazorchak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Indicators Research Branch, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Flick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Indicators Research Branch, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620160320"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es9710870"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","volume-title":"National Screening Survey of EDCs in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Effluents","author":"Lazorchak JM","year":"2004","unstructured":"JM Lazorchak, ME Smith National Screening Survey of EDCs in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Effluents (United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, EPA Publ No 600\/R-04\/171. 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