{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T09:05:09Z","timestamp":1791018309789,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Malaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, estimated to cause &gt;1 million childhood deaths annually.\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    causes the most severe form of the disease. There is as yet no licensed vaccine for this disease, despite over a half century of research. In this study, we investigated a transmission-blocking vaccine candidate, the ookinete surface protein Pfs25. Antibodies against Pfs25, drawn in during a bite, can block parasite development in the mosquito midgut, preventing transmission to other individuals. Pfs25 is a low-molecular-weight protein, by itself not immunogenic. To increase its immunogenicity, we investigated several methods of conjugating Pfs25 to itself and to other proteins: recombinant\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    exotoxin A, and ovalbumin, using amide, hydrazone, or thioether linkages. All conjugates were immunogenic and induced booster responses in mice. The scheme to form amide bonds between proteins by using adipic acid dihydrizide as a linker produced the most immunogenic conjugates. Adsorption of the conjugates onto aluminum hydroxide further increased the antibody response. Remarkably, the antibody levels 3 or 7 months after the last injection were significantly higher than those 1 wk after that injection. The observed transmission-blocking activity of immune sera correlated with antibody levels measured by ELISA.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609885104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,26]],"date-time":"2006-12-26T20:13:52Z","timestamp":1167164032000},"page":"293-298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Long-lasting and transmission-blocking activity of antibodies to\n                    <i>Plasmodium falciparum<\/i>\n                    elicited in mice by protein conjugates of Pfs25"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Joanna","family":"Kubler-Kielb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Laboratory of Developmental and Molecular Immunity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2423, Bethesda, MD 20892-2520;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fathy","family":"Majadly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Laboratory of Developmental and Molecular Immunity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2423, Bethesda, MD 20892-2520;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yimin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, 5640 Fishers Lane, MSC 8152, Rockville, MD 20852; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Narum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, 5640 Fishers Lane, MSC 8152, Rockville, MD 20852; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Laboratory of Developmental and Molecular Immunity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2423, Bethesda, MD 20892-2520;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis H.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Vaccine Development Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, 5640 Fishers Lane, MSC 8152, Rockville, MD 20852; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Shiloach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 14A, Room 173, MSC 5522, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John B.","family":"Robbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Laboratory of Developmental and Molecular Immunity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2423, Bethesda, MD 20892-2520;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Schneerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Laboratory of Developmental and Molecular Immunity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2423, Bethesda, MD 20892-2520;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/73062"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(93)90058-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1990.tb00990.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/333074a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.177.2.505"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.169.1.135"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(89)90134-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.174.5.1203"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.1.584-588.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000058850"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.152.2.361"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)63273-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1994.tb01746.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.60.2.584-589.1992"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","first-page":"151","volume":"70","author":"MacKenzie SL","year":"1987","unstructured":"SL MacKenzie J Assoc Anal Chem 70, 151\u2013160 (1987).","journal-title":"J Assoc Anal Chem"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.11.5806-5810.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.8.3146-3150.1997"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","first-page":"151","volume":"70","author":"MacKenzie SL","year":"1987","unstructured":"SL MacKenzie J Assoc Anal Chem 70, 151\u2013160 (1987).","journal-title":"J Assoc Anal Chem"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(92)90020-T"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1240581"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1730723"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00315-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2005.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1656(96)01390-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.9.3678-3687.1993"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","author":"Plikaytis BD","year":"2005","unstructured":"BD Plikaytis, GM Carlone Program ELISA for Windows User's Manual (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Version 2. (2005).","journal-title":"Program ELISA for Windows User's Manual"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1633512100"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4213","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.139.12.4213","volume":"139","author":"Quakyi IA","year":"1987","unstructured":"IA Quakyi, R Carter, J Rener, N Kumar, MF Good, LH Miller J Immunol 139, 4213\u20134217 (1987).","journal-title":"J Immunol"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0609885104","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T02:41:50Z","timestamp":1683686510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0609885104"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,2]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0609885104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0609885104","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-10-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2007-01-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}