{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:01:58Z","timestamp":1792591318112,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is a landmark agreement that has successfully reduced the global production, consumption, and emissions of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). ODSs are also greenhouse gases that contribute to the radiative forcing of climate change. Using historical ODSs emissions and scenarios of potential emissions, we show that the ODS contribution to radiative forcing most likely would have been much larger if the ODS link to stratospheric ozone depletion had not been recognized in 1974 and followed by a series of regulations. The climate protection already achieved by the Montreal Protocol alone is far larger than the reduction target of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. Additional climate benefits that are significant compared with the Kyoto Protocol reduction target could be achieved by actions under the Montreal Protocol, by managing the emissions of substitute fluorocarbon gases and\/or implementing alternative gases with lower global warming potentials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610328104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,8]],"date-time":"2007-03-08T20:58:47Z","timestamp":1173387527000},"page":"4814-4819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":431,"title":["The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Guus J. M.","family":"Velders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, P.O. Box 303, 3720 AH Bilthoven, The Netherlands;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen O.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Code 6202J, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20460;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Fahey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mack","family":"McFarland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DuPont Fluoroproducts, Wilmington, DE 19805"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","volume-title":"Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1994","year":"1995","unstructured":"Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1994 ( World Meteorological Organization , Geneva Report 37 . 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