{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T08:52:42Z","timestamp":1784364762728,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Using on-line microdialysis, we have characterized\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    dynamics of pineal 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) release. Daily pineal 5-HT output is triphasic: (\n                    <jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) 5-HT levels are constant and high during the day; (\n                    <jats:italic>ii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) early in the night, there is a novel sharp rise in 5-HT synthesis and release, which precedes the nocturnal rise in melatonin synthesis; and (\n                    <jats:italic>iii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) late in the night, levels are low. This triphasic 5-HT production persists in constant darkness and is influenced strongly by intrusion of light at night. We demonstrate that both diurnal 5-HT synthesis and 5-HT release are activated by sympathetic innervation from the superior cervical ganglion and show that these processes are controlled by distinct receptors. The increase in 5-HT synthesis is controlled by \u03b2-adrenergic receptors, whereas the increase in 5-HT release is mediated by \u03b1-adrenergic signaling. On the other hand, the marked decrease in 5-HT content and release late at night is a passive process, influenced by the extent of melatonin synthesis. In the absence of melatonin synthesis, the late-night decline in 5-HT release is prevented, reaching levels roughly twice as high as that of the day value. In summary, our results demonstrate that 5-HT levels display marked circadian rhythms that depend on adrenergic signaling.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.062585499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:37:36Z","timestamp":1027679856000},"page":"4686-4691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Circadian 5-HT production regulated by adrenergic signaling"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Xing","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD 21210"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD 21210"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiecheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD 21210"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimo","family":"Borjigin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, MD 21210"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02761772"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(63)90079-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"206","volume":"23","author":"Snyder S H","year":"1964","unstructured":"S H Snyder, J Axelrod Federation Proc 23, 206 (1964).","journal-title":"Federation Proc"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(65)90102-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.53.2.301"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.149.3683.542"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.39.1.53"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","volume-title":"Science's STKE","author":"Masana M I","year":"2001","unstructured":"M I Masana, M L Dubocovich Science's STKE, ;2001\/107\/pe39. 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