{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:25:17Z","timestamp":1791300317328,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are responsible for maintaining  spermatogenesis throughout life in the male by continuous production of  daughter cells that differentiate into spermatozoa. However, no unique  phenotypic markers to identify SSCs have been described. In this study, the  SSC surface phenotype was characterized by using flow cytometric cell sorting  in conjunction with a transplantation functional assay for SSCs. Highly  enriched stem cell activity was found in the MHC class I  (MHC-I)\n                    <jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    Thy-1\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    c-kit\n                    <jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    cell  fraction of the mouse cryptorchid testis. There was little or no stem cell  activity in any other fraction. The antigenic phenotype of the  MHC-I\n                    <jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    Thy-1\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    c-kit\n                    <jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    SSCs was  \u03b16-integrin\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD24\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u03b1vintegrin\n                    <jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    Sca-1\n                    <jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD34\n                    <jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    .  Subsequently, testis side population (SP) cells, which are defined by a  Hoechst dye efflux assay, were identified. Their surface phenotype was found  to be MHC-I\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    Thy-1\n                    <jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    Sca-1\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and the  transplantation assay demonstrated that the testis SP and SSCs are distinct  populations. In several other tissues, the SP has been shown to contain stem  cells, but we found that this characteristic does not define SSCs. The  identification of a surface phenotype that allows production of a highly  enriched SSC population will facilitate functional and genomic studies and  enable further comparison with other stem cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0631767100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,27]],"date-time":"2003-05-27T13:10:32Z","timestamp":1054041032000},"page":"6487-6492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":401,"title":["Spermatogonial stem cells share some, but not all, phenotypic and  functional characteristics with other stem cells"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Kubota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University  of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary R.","family":"Avarbock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University  of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph L.","family":"Brinster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University  of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(93)90159-D"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.24.11298"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.24.11303"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1071607"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.15.8346"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3570892"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2898810"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.160038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.4.1797"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1297-1337"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/43919"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200202092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2002.0625"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10339"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"47","volume":"106","year":"1998","unstructured":"Nagano, M. & Brinster, R. 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