{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T15:21:30Z","timestamp":1781104890796,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"13","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,27]]},"abstract":"\n Kelba quadeemae<\/jats:italic>\n , a fossil mammal from the Early Miocene of East Africa, was originally named on the basis of three isolated upper molars.\n Kelba<\/jats:italic>\n has previously been interpreted as a creodont, a pantolestid, an insectivoran, and a hemigaline viverrid. The true affinities of this taxon have remained unclear because of the limited material and its unique morphology relative to other Miocene African mammals. New material of\n Kelba<\/jats:italic>\n from several East African Miocene localities, most notably a skull from the Early Miocene locality of Songhor in Western Kenya, permits analysis of the affinities of\n Kelba<\/jats:italic>\n and documents the lower dentition of this taxon. Morphological comparison of this new material clearly demonstrates that\n Kelba<\/jats:italic>\n is a member of the order Ptolemaiida, a poorly understood group whose fossil record was previously restricted to the Oligocene Fayum deposits of northern Egypt. Phylogenetic analysis supports the monophyly of the Ptolemaiida, including\n Kelba<\/jats:italic>\n , and recovers two monophyletic clades within the order. We provide new family names for these groups and an emended diagnosis for the order. The discovery of ptolemaiidans from the Miocene of East Africa is significant because it extends the known temporal range of the order by >10 million years and the geographic range by >3,200 km. Although the higher-level affinities of the Ptolemaiida remain obscure, their unique morphology and distribution through a larger area of Africa (and exclusively Africa) lend support to the idea that Ptolemaiida may have an ancient African origin.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700441104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,19]],"date-time":"2007-03-19T20:36:00Z","timestamp":1174336560000},"page":"5510-5515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Additional material of the enigmatic Early Miocene mammal\n Kelba<\/i>\n and its relationship to the order Ptolemaiida"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Susanne","family":"Cote","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Anthropology and Peabody Museum, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Werdelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Palaeozoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, S-10405 Stockholm, Sweden; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik R.","family":"Seiffert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences and Oxford University Museum of Natural History, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PR, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Anthropology and Peabody Museum, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","first-page":"241","volume":"10","author":"Savage RJG","year":"1965","unstructured":"RJG Savage Bull Br Mus (Natural History), Geology 10, 241\u2013316 (1965).","journal-title":"Bull Br Mus (Natural History), Geology"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","first-page":"21","volume":"26","author":"Kondrashov PE","year":"2004","unstructured":"PE Kondrashov, SG Lucas New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull 26, 21\u201331 (2004).","journal-title":"New Mex Mus Nat Hist Sci Bull"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","first-page":"1","volume":"132","author":"Van Valen LM","year":"1966","unstructured":"LM Van Valen Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 132, 1\u2013176 (1966).","journal-title":"Bull Am Mus Nat Hist"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","first-page":"402","volume-title":"Grundzuege der Pal\u00e4ontologie, II. 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