{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:35:02Z","timestamp":1792089302978,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"15","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Recent developmental studies demonstrate that early fossil hominins possessed shorter growth periods than living humans, implying disparate life histories. Analyses of incremental features in teeth provide an accurate means of assessing the age at death of developing dentitions, facilitating direct comparisons with fossil and modern humans. It is currently unknown when and where the prolonged modern human developmental condition originated. Here, an application of x-ray synchrotron microtomography reveals that an early\n                    <jats:italic>Homo sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    juvenile from Morocco dated at 160,000 years before present displays an equivalent degree of tooth development to modern European children at the same age. Crown formation times in the juvenile's macrodont dentition are higher than modern human mean values, whereas root development is accelerated relative to modern humans but is less than living apes and some fossil hominins. The juvenile from Jebel Irhoud is currently the oldest-known member of\n                    <jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic>\n                    with a developmental pattern (degree of eruption, developmental stage, and crown formation time) that is more similar to modern\n                    <jats:italic>H. sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    than to earlier members of\n                    <jats:italic>Homo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This study also underscores the continuing importance of North Africa for understanding the origins of human anatomical and behavioral modernity. Corresponding biological and cultural changes may have appeared relatively late in the course of human evolution.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700747104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,19]],"date-time":"2007-03-19T20:36:00Z","timestamp":1174336560000},"page":"6128-6133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":289,"title":["Earliest evidence of modern human life history in North African early\n                    <i>Homo sapiens<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Tanya M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Tafforeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de G\u00e9obiologie, Biochronologie et Pal\u00e9ontologie Humaine, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 6046, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France;"},{"name":"European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP 220, 38046 Grenoble Cedex, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald J.","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Gr\u00fcn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Eggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Boutakiout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"**Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V-Agdal, Avenue Ibn Battouta, BP 1014, Rabat, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Jacques","family":"Hublin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_1_2","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Human Roots","author":"Hublin J-J","year":"2001","unstructured":"J-J Hublin Human Roots, eds L Barham, K Robson-Brown (Western Academic and Specialist, Bristol, UK), pp. 99\u2013121 (2001)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","volume-title":"The Human Career","author":"Klein R","year":"1999","unstructured":"R Klein The Human Career (University of Chicago, Chicago, 1999)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.2000.0435"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01669"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03258"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.34.030905.154913"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.an.24.100195.001353"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/414628a"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2006.00500.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","first-page":"2799","volume":"273","author":"Dean MC","year":"2006","unstructured":"MC Dean Proc R Soc London Ser B 273, 2799\u20132808 (2006).","journal-title":"Proc R Soc London Ser B"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02852"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02428"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05314"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","volume-title":"Dental Perspectives on Human Evolution: State of the Art Research in Dental Paleoanthropology","author":"Smith TM","unstructured":"TM Smith, DJ Reid, MC Dean, AJ Olejniczak, RJ Ferrell, LB Martin Dental Perspectives on Human Evolution: State of the Art Research in Dental Paleoanthropology, eds SE Bailey, J-J Hublin (Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, in press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","first-page":"167","volume-title":"Aspects of Human Evolution","author":"Hublin J-J","year":"1981","unstructured":"J-J Hublin, AM Tillier Aspects of Human Evolution, ed CB Stringer (Taylor and Francis, London), pp. 167\u2013185 (1981)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","unstructured":"P Tafforeau (Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier II Montpellier France PhD thesis. (2004)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-006-3507-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","author":"Tafforeau P","unstructured":"P Tafforeau, I Bentaleb, J-J Jaeger, C Martin Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol, in press.","journal-title":"Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2006.00499.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/317525a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0503108102"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","author":"Smith TM","unstructured":"TM Smith, AJ Olejniczak, P Tafforeau, DJ Reid, FE Grine, J-J Hublin S Afri J Sci, in press.","journal-title":"S Afri J Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","first-page":"239","volume-title":"Aspects of Dental Biology: Palaeontology, Anthropology, and Evolution","author":"Dean MC","year":"1995","unstructured":"MC Dean Aspects of Dental Biology: Palaeontology, Anthropology, and Evolution, ed J Moggi-Cecchi (Intl Inst Study Man, Florence, Italy), pp. 239\u2013265 (1995)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(74)90242-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19980401)76:4<343::AID-AJMG10>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1998.0233"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1998.0248"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Advances in Dental Anthropology","author":"Smith BH","year":"1991","unstructured":"BH Smith Advances in Dental Anthropology, eds MA Kelley, CS Larsen (Wiley, New York), pp. 143\u2013168 (1991)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542565.004","volume-title":"Patterns of Growth and Development in the Genus Homo","author":"Liversidge H","year":"2003","unstructured":"H Liversidge Patterns of Growth and Development in the Genus Homo, eds JL Thompson, GE Krovitz, AJ Nelson (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK), pp. 73\u2013113 (2003)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8644(200009)113:1<135::AID-AJPA13>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2005.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","first-page":"77","volume":"39","author":"Kajiyama S","year":"1965","unstructured":"S Kajiyama Nihon Univ Dent J 39, 77\u201383 (1965).","journal-title":"Nihon Univ Dent J"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781316529843"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","first-page":"109","volume":"1","author":"Tillier AM","year":"2000","unstructured":"AM Tillier Anthropologie XXXVIII 1, 109\u2013120 (2000).","journal-title":"Anthropologie XXXVIII"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Primate Life History and Evolution","author":"Stringer CB","year":"1990","unstructured":"CB Stringer, MC Dean, RD Martin Primate Life History and Evolution, ed CJ De Rousseau (Wiley\u2013Liss, New York), pp. 115\u2013152 (1990)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2006.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012073601808"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1081"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0700747104","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T15:14:16Z","timestamp":1649776456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0700747104"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,10]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0700747104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0700747104","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-12-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2007-04-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}