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Using a GFP-based approach to visualize chlamydial inclusions within cells by live fluorescence videomicroscopy, we identified that\n                    <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\n                    release occurred by two mutually exclusive pathways. The first, lysis, consisted of an ordered sequence of membrane permeabilizations: inclusion, nucleus and plasma membrane rupture. Treatment with protease inhibitors abolished inclusion lysis. Intracellular calcium signaling was shown to be important for plasma membrane breakdown. The second release pathway was a packaged release mechanism, called extrusion. This slow process resulted in a pinching of the inclusion, protrusion out of the cell within a cell membrane compartment, and ultimately detachment from the cell. Treatment of\n                    <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected cells with specific pharmacological inhibitors of cellular factors demonstrated that extrusion required actin polymerization, neuronal Wiskott\u2013Aldrich syndrome protein, myosin II and Rho GTPase. The participation of Rho was unique in that it functioned late in extrusion. The dual nature of release characterized for\n                    <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>\n                    has not been observed as a strategy for intracellular bacteria.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703218104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,25]],"date-time":"2007-06-25T21:05:26Z","timestamp":1182805526000},"page":"11430-11435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":446,"title":["Mechanisms of host cell exit by the intracellular bacterium\n                    <i>Chlamydia<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Hybiske","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard S.","family":"Stephens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of 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