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Comparison of microarray expression profiles of\n                    <jats:italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    (LM)-infected macrophages from WT and NF-IL6-deficient mice enabled us to identify candidate genes downstream of NF-IL6 involved in the unknown pathways of LM killing independent of reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates. One differentially expressed gene, PKC\u03b4, had higher mRNA levels in the LM-infected NF-IL6-deficient macrophages as compared with WT. To define the role of PKC\u03b4 during listeriosis, we infected PKC\u03b4-deficient mice with LM. PKC\u03b4-deficient mice were highly susceptible to LM infection with increased bacterial burden and enhanced histopathology despite enhanced NF-IL6 mRNA expression. Subsequent studies in PKC\u03b4-deficient macrophages demonstrated that, despite elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and NO production, increased escape of LM from the phagosome into the cytoplasm and uncontrolled bacterial growth occurred. Taken together these data identified PKC\u03b4 as a critical factor for confinement of LM within macrophage phagosomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703496104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,3]],"date-time":"2007-10-03T20:53:32Z","timestamp":1191444812000},"page":"16251-16256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Protein kinase C \u03b4 is essential for optimal macrophage-mediated phagosomal containment of\n                    <i>Listeria monocytogenes<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Anita","family":"Schwegmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reto","family":"Guler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antony J.","family":"Cutler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berenice","family":"Arendse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William G. 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