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We found that touch thresholds of the reinnervated chest skin fall within near-normal ranges, indicating the regeneration of large-fiber afferents. The perceptual identity of the limb and chest was maintained separately even though they shared a common skin surface. A cutaneous expression of proprioception also occurred in one reinnervated individual. Experiments with peltier temperature probes and surface electrical stimulation of the reinnervated skin indicate the regeneration of small diameter temperature and pain afferents. The perception of an amputated limb arising from stimulation of reinnervated chest skin may allow useful sensory feedback from prosthetic devices and provides insight into the mechanisms of neural plasticity and peripheral regeneration in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706525104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,28]],"date-time":"2007-11-28T20:45:29Z","timestamp":1196282729000},"page":"20061-20066","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":258,"title":["Redirection of cutaneous sensation from the hand to the chest skin of human amputees with targeted reinnervation"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Todd A.","family":"Kuiken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Neural Engineering Center for Artificial Limbs, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago,"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, 345 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611;"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul D.","family":"Marasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Neural Engineering Center for Artificial Limbs, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blair A.","family":"Lock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Neural Engineering Center for Artificial Limbs, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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