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Quantification of these internal and external incremental features yields developmental benchmarks, including ages at crown completion, tooth eruption, and root completion. Molar eruption is correlated with other aspects of life history. Recent evidence for developmental differences between modern humans and Neanderthals remains ambiguous. By measuring tooth formation in the entire dentition of a juvenile Neanderthal from Scladina, Belgium, we show that most teeth formed over a shorter time than in modern humans and that dental initiation and eruption were relatively advanced. By registering manifestations of stress across the dentition, we are able to present a precise chronology of Neanderthal dental development that differs from modern humans. At 8 years of age at death, this juvenile displays a degree of development comparable with modern human children who are several years older. We suggest that age at death in juvenile Neanderthals should not be assessed by comparison with modern human standards, particularly those derived from populations of European origin. Moreover, evidence from the Scladina juvenile and other similarly aged hominins suggests that a prolonged childhood and slow life history are unique to\n                    <jats:italic>Homo sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707051104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,12]],"date-time":"2007-12-12T20:54:44Z","timestamp":1197492884000},"page":"20220-20225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":176,"title":["Rapid dental development in a Middle Paleolithic Belgian Neanderthal"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Tanya M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Toussaint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction de l'Arch\u00e9ologie, Minist\u00e8re de la R\u00e9gion Wallonne, 1 rue des Brigades d'Irlande, 5100 Namur, Belgium; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald J.","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Olejniczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Jacques","family":"Hublin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330700305"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Primate Life History and Evolution","author":"Stringer CB","year":"1990","unstructured":"CB Stringer, MC Dean, RD Martin Primate Life History and Evolution, ed CJ De Rousseau (Wiley, New York), pp. 115\u2013152 (1990)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199601)99:1<103::AID-AJPA6>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1999.0364"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/428904b"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02428"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0503108102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05314"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330500110"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/414628a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","author":"Guatelli-Steinberg D","year":"2008","unstructured":"D Guatelli-Steinberg, DJ Reid J Hum Evol, in press. 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