{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:03:01Z","timestamp":1791277381520,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The spread of sexually transmitted diseases (e.g., chlamydia, syphilis, gonorrhea, HIV, etc.) across populations is a major concern for scientists and health agencies. In this context, both the data collection on sexual contact networks and the modeling of disease spreading are intensive contributions to the search for effective immunization policies. Here, the spreading of sexually transmitted diseases on bipartite scale-free graphs, representing heterosexual contact networks, is considered. We analytically derive the expression for the epidemic threshold and its dependence with the system size in finite populations. We show that the epidemic outbreak in bipartite populations, with number of sexual partners distributed as in empirical observations from national sex surveys, takes place for larger spreading rates than for the case in which the bipartite nature of the network is not taken into account. Numerical simulations confirm the validity of the theoretical results. Our findings indicate that the restriction to crossed infections between the two classes of individuals (males and females) has to be taken into account in the design of efficient immunization strategies for sexually transmitted diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707332105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,22]],"date-time":"2008-01-22T20:45:38Z","timestamp":1201034738000},"page":"1399-1404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Spreading of sexually transmitted diseases in heterosexual populations"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"G\u00f3mez-Garde\u00f1es","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scuola Superiore di Catania, Via San Paolo 73, 95123 Catania, Italy;"},{"name":"Instituto de Biocomputaci\u00f3n y F\u00edsica de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vito","family":"Latora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universit\u00e0 di Catania, and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Via San Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yamir","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biocomputaci\u00f3n y F\u00edsica de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elio","family":"Profumo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scuola Superiore di Catania, Via San Paolo 73, 95123 Catania, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases of Humans: Dynamics and Control","author":"Anderson RM","year":"1992","unstructured":"RM Anderson, RM May, B Anderson Infectious Diseases of Humans: Dynamics and Control (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford, 1992)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Epidemic Modeling","author":"Daley DJ","year":"1999","unstructured":"DJ Daley, J Gani Epidemic Modeling (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK, 1999)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/b98868"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308344101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407994102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0510525103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.74.47"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/S003614450342480"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2005.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.85.5468"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.86.3682"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.86.3200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1061076"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjb\/e20020122"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","volume":"66","author":"Newman MEJ","year":"2002","unstructured":"MEJ Newman Phys Rev E 66, 016128. (2002).","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.2305"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2006.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02541"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.202244299"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys560"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35082140"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06886-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200406000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20614"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2003.007187"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611337104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/365437a0"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0707332105","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T16:27:42Z","timestamp":1649780862000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0707332105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,5]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0707332105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0707332105","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-08-03","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-02-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}