{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:47:29Z","timestamp":1791985649571,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"23","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,10]]},"abstract":"\n Homeostasis of internal carbon dioxide (CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) and oxygen (O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) levels is fundamental to all animals. Here we examine the CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n response of the nematode\n Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n . This species inhabits rotting material, which typically has a broad CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n concentration range. We show that well fed\n C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n avoid CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n levels above 0.5%. Animals can respond to both absolute CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n concentrations and changes in CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n levels within seconds. Responses to CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n do not reflect avoidance of acid pH but appear to define a new sensory response. Sensation of CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n is promoted by the cGMP-gated ion channel subunits TAX-2 and TAX-4, but other pathways are also important. Robust CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n avoidance in well fed animals requires inhibition of the DAF-16 forkhead transcription factor by the insulin-like receptor DAF-2. Starvation, which activates DAF-16, strongly suppresses CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n avoidance. Exposure to hypoxia (<1% O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) also suppresses CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n avoidance via activation of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF-1. The\n npr-1 215V<\/jats:italic>\n allele of the naturally polymorphic neuropeptide receptor\n npr-1<\/jats:italic>\n , besides inhibiting avoidance of high ambient O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n in feeding\n C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n , also promotes avoidance of high CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n .\n C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n integrates competing O\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n sensory inputs so that one response dominates. Food and allelic variation at NPR-1 regulate which response prevails. Our results suggest that multiple sensory inputs are coordinated by\n C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n to generate different coherent foraging strategies.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707607105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,4]],"date-time":"2008-06-04T21:20:59Z","timestamp":1212614459000},"page":"8044-8049","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":168,"title":["A carbon dioxide avoidance behavior is integrated with responses to ambient oxygen and food in\n Caenorhabditis elegans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Andrew Jonathan","family":"Bretscher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl Emanuel","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"de Bono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.34.010189.000525"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02980"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0029(19991215)47:6<416::AID-JEMT5>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.10.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.py.20.090182.001433"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01020167"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ee\/9.5.649"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1357-2725(03)00050-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(02)00155-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1409"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05466"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700079104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.04.046"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.198.8.1755"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5479.625"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1401880105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01024112"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.06.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/146.1.149"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.20281"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","first-page":"33","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Soil Sci","author":"Sojka RE","year":"2006","unstructured":"RE Sojka, HD Scott, Aeration measurement. 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