{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T12:50:37Z","timestamp":1793019037845,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Phosphorus is a key biologic element, and a prebiotic pathway leading to its incorporation into biomolecules has been difficult to ascertain. Most potentially prebiotic phosphorylation reactions have relied on orthophosphate as the source of phosphorus. It is suggested here that the geochemistry of phosphorus on the early Earth was instead controlled by reduced oxidation state phosphorus compounds such as phosphite (HPO\n                    <jats:sub arrange=\"stack\">3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup arrange=\"stack\">2\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), which are more soluble and reactive than orthophosphates. This reduced oxidation state phosphorus originated from extraterrestrial material that fell during the heavy bombardment period or was produced during impacts, and persisted in the mildly reducing atmosphere. This alternate view of early Earth phosphorus geochemistry provides an unexplored route to the formation of pertinent prebiotic phosphorus compounds, suggests a facile reaction pathway to condensed phosphates, and is consistent with the biochemical usage of reduced oxidation state phosphorus compounds in life today. Possible studies are suggested that may detect reduced oxidation state phosphorus compounds in ancient Archean rocks.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0708205105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,15]],"date-time":"2008-01-15T00:12:02Z","timestamp":1200355922000},"page":"853-858","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":268,"title":["Rethinking early Earth phosphorus geochemistry"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Pasek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Astrobiology Institute (NAI) LaPlace Center, University of Arizona, 1629 East University Boulevard, Tucson, AZ 85719"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2434996"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1996.0385"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"205","volume":"46","author":"Redfield AC","year":"1958","unstructured":"AC Redfield Am Sci 46, 205\u2013221 (1958).","journal-title":"Am Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/352516a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691220239"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","author":"Pasek MA","year":"2008","unstructured":"MA Pasek, DS Lauretta Origins Life Evol B, in press. (2008).","journal-title":"Origins Life Evol B"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.54.3.664"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.148.3674.1221"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"164","volume":"1993","author":"Terelli E","year":"1993","unstructured":"E Terelli, SF Wheeler Chem Ind London 1993, 164\u2013165 (1993).","journal-title":"Chem Ind London"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006540518676"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.173.3995.444"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/237162a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00173147"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511626180.012","volume-title":"Molecular Origins of Life","author":"De Duve C","year":"1998","unstructured":"C De Duve Molecular Origins of Life, ed A Brack (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge), pp. 219\u2013236 (1998)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01733208"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11084-005-2082-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.8.3868"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(92)90023-C"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/378474a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006536817887"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00006140"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-8545(00)00398-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","first-page":"1","volume":"107","author":"Kring DA","year":"2002","unstructured":"DA Kring, BA Cohen J Geophys Res 107, 1\u20136 (2002).","journal-title":"J Geophys Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1113544"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","volume-title":"Impact Cratering: A Geological Process","author":"Melosh HJ","year":"1989","unstructured":"HJ Melosh Impact Cratering: A Geological Process (Oxford Univ Press, Oxford, 1989)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.earth.32.101802.120458"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","first-page":"253","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Twelfth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference","author":"Hunter RH","year":"1981","unstructured":"RH Hunter, LA Taylor Proceedings of the Twelfth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston), pp. 253\u2013259 (1981a)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S0016702906090011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","first-page":"479","volume":"43","author":"Gulick A","year":"1955","unstructured":"A Gulick Am Sci 43, 479\u2013489 (1955).","journal-title":"Am Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.130.3370.245"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-2019-7_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006622900660"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2005.5.515"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b602651f"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2006.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-46100-0_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006543225618"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00006406"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011871726600"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ar50088a003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","first-page":"183","volume":"6","author":"Adam Z","year":"2006","unstructured":"Z Adam Astrobiology 6, 183 (2006).","journal-title":"Astrobiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","first-page":"954","volume-title":"Phosphorus and Its Compounds","author":"Van Wazer JR","year":"1958","unstructured":"JR Van Wazer Phosphorus and Its Compounds (Interscience, New York) Vol 1, 954 (1958)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.61.080706.093357"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014409929875"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.164.3875.37"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)44215-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)97706-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008848401799"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr50015a003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03601237609372034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/30881"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2001.46.2.0309"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","first-page":"457","volume":"31","author":"Cade-Menun BJ","year":"2002","unstructured":"BJ Cade-Menun, CW Liu, R Nunlist, JG McColl J Environ Qual 31, 457\u2013465 (2002).","journal-title":"J Environ Qual"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04203"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.173.2.587-600.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.172.6.3191-3200.1990"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.14.4730-4739.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-002-0402-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/333343a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02986806"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/384055a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.051515898"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/icar.2001.6608"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04536"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-61736-2_5","volume-title":"Phosphate Minerals","author":"Buchwald VF","year":"1984","unstructured":"VF Buchwald Phosphate Minerals, eds JI Nriagu, PB Moore (Springer, Berlin), pp. 199\u2013214 (1984)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2004.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","first-page":"533","volume":"36","author":"Packer JE","year":"1990","unstructured":"JE Packer, RF Anderson Radiat Phys Chem 36, 533\u2013536 (1990).","journal-title":"Radiat Phys Chem"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/ft9928803319"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b302296j"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/j100368a033"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01636879"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/364759a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(76)90076-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1650(73)80083-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.555808"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.0708205105","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T16:52:04Z","timestamp":1649782324000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.0708205105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,22]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,22]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.0708205105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0708205105","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1124567.582866","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2007-08-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2008-01-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}