{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:48:08Z","timestamp":1790916488873,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"41","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Visual images consisting of repetitive patterns can elicit striking illusory motion percepts. For almost 200 years, artists, psychologists, and neuroscientists have debated whether this type of illusion originates in the eye or in the brain. For more than a decade, the controversy has centered on the powerful illusory motion perceived in the painting\n                    <jats:italic>Enigma<\/jats:italic>\n                    , created by op-artist Isia Leviant. However, no previous study has directly correlated the\n                    <jats:italic>Enigma<\/jats:italic>\n                    illusion to any specific physiological mechanism, and so the debate rages on. Here, we show that microsaccades, a type of miniature eye movement produced during visual fixation, can drive illusory motion in\n                    <jats:italic>Enigma<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We asked subjects to indicate when illusory motion sped up or slowed down during the observation of\n                    <jats:italic>Enigma<\/jats:italic>\n                    while we simultaneously recorded their eye movements with high precision. Before \u201cfaster\u201d motion periods, the rate of microsaccades increased. Before \u201cslower\/no\u201d motion periods, the rate of microsaccades decreased. These results reveal a direct link between microsaccade production and the perception of illusory motion in\n                    <jats:italic>Enigma<\/jats:italic>\n                    and rule out the hypothesis that the origin of the illusion is purely cortical.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709389105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,8]],"date-time":"2008-10-08T21:10:22Z","timestamp":1223500222000},"page":"16033-16038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Microsaccades drive illusory motion in the\n                    <i>Enigma<\/i>\n                    illusion"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Xoana G.","family":"Troncoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 West Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen L.","family":"Macknik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 West Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Otero-Millan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 West Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013; and"},{"name":"University of Vigo, Campus Universitario Lagoas-Marcosende, 36200 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Martinez-Conde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Barrow Neurological Institute, 350 West Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1574685"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/180849a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1996.0147"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p220287"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","volume-title":"Helmholtz's Treatise on Physiological Optics","author":"Helmholtz H","year":"1985","unstructured":"H Helmholtz Helmholtz's Treatise on Physiological Optics (Gryphon Editions, Birmingham, Alabama, 1985)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","volume-title":"Beobachtungen und Versuche zur Physiologie der Sinne. 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