{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:47:56Z","timestamp":1791226076407,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Phagocytes generate nitric oxide (NO) and other reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in large quantities to combat infecting bacteria. Here, we report the surprising observation that\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    survival of a notorious pathogen\u2014\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014critically depends on its own NO-synthase (bNOS) activity. Anthrax spores (Sterne strain) deficient in bNOS lose their virulence in an A\/J mouse model of systemic infection and exhibit severely compromised survival when germinating within macrophages. The mechanism underlying bNOS-dependent resistance to macrophage killing relies on NO-mediated activation of bacterial catalase and suppression of the damaging Fenton reaction. Our results demonstrate that pathogenic bacteria use their own NO as a key defense against the immune oxidative burst, thereby establishing bNOS as an essential virulence factor. Thus, bNOS represents an attractive antimicrobial target for treatment of anthrax and other infectious diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0710950105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,22]],"date-time":"2008-01-22T16:52:46Z","timestamp":1201020766000},"page":"1009-1013","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":190,"title":["<i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>\n                    -derived nitric oxide is essential for pathogen virulence and survival in macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Konstantin","family":"Shatalin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Gusarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Avetissova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yelena","family":"Shatalina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey E.","family":"McQuade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Lippard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgeny","family":"Nudler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.647"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-05767-4_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.15.1.323"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/375408a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2006.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M203977200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504307102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja064955e"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.18.8190"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80147-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.57.030502.090938"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307741100"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.6.1783-1787.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.21.9993"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2006.00061.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.51.3.795-800.1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.16.8841"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.4.2268-2276.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.8.4399-4405.2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)47091-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/713803492"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.6.1942-1950.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.2001.281.3.L517"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0263715"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M311663200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2006.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio794"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2005.03.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","volume-title":"Molecular Cloning. 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