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In a lethal model of histoplasmosis, all PD-1-deficient mice survived infection, whereas the wild-type mice died with disseminated disease. PD-L expression on macrophages and splenocytes was up-regulated during infection, and macrophages from infected mice inhibited\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    T cell activation. Of interest, antibody blocking of PD-1 significantly increased survival of lethally infected wild-type mice. Thus, our studies extend the role of the PD-1\/PD-L pathway in regulating antimicrobial immunity to fungal pathogens. The results show that the PD-1\/PD-L pathway has a key role in the regulation of antifungal immunity, and suggest that manipulation of this pathway represents a strategy of immunotherapy for histoplasmosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711918105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,11]],"date-time":"2008-02-11T21:40:28Z","timestamp":1202766028000},"page":"2658-2663","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["The PD-1\/PD-L costimulatory pathway critically affects host resistance to the pathogenic fungus\n                    <i>Histoplasma capsulatum<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Eszter","family":"L\u00e1z\u00e1r-Moln\u00e1r","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of *Microbiology and Immunology,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attila","family":"G\u00e1cser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon J.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Dana\u2013Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven C.","family":"Almo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry, and"},{"name":"Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanley G.","family":"Nathenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of *Microbiology and Immunology,"},{"name":"Cell Biology,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Nosanchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of *Microbiology and Immunology,"},{"name":"Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(00)00104-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(98)01431-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7389","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.12.7389","article-title":"Complex requirements for nascent and memory immunity in pulmonary histoplasmosis.","volume":"162","author":"Allendorfer R","year":"1999","unstructured":"R Allendorfer, GD Brunner, GS Deepe, Complex requirements for nascent and memory immunity in pulmonary histoplasmosis. 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