{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:44:25Z","timestamp":1792025065439,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"19","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The intrinsic plasticity of RNA viruses can facilitate host range changes that lead to epidemics. However, evolutionary processes promoting cross-species transfers are poorly defined, especially for arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). In theory, cross species transfers by arboviruses may be constrained by their alternating infection of disparate hosts, where optimal replication in one host involves a fitness tradeoff for the other. Accordingly, freeing arboviruses from alternate replication via specialization in a single host should accelerate adaptation. This hypothesis has been tested by using cell culture model systems with inconclusive results. Therefore, we tested it using an\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    system with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), an emerging alphavirus of the Americas. VEEV serially passaged in mosquitoes exhibited increased mosquito infectivity and vertebrate-specialized strains produced higher viremias. Conversely, alternately passaged VEEV experienced no detectable fitness gains in either host. These results suggest that arbovirus adaptation and evolution is limited by obligate host alternation and predict that arboviral emergence via host range changes may be less frequent than that of single host animal RNA viruses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0712130105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,5]],"date-time":"2008-05-05T20:53:52Z","timestamp":1210020832000},"page":"6970-6975","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":203,"title":["Arbovirus evolution\n                    <i>in vivo<\/i>\n                    is constrained by host alternation"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Lark L.","family":"Coffey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Pathology and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikos","family":"Vasilakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Pathology and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron C.","family":"Brault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Pathology and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann M.","family":"Powers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Tripet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Applied Entomology and Parasitology, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott C.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Pathology and Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.51.1.151"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/17130"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1087139"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1085953"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.7.3227-3234.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-1348(03)00004-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.24.13910"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030263"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030201"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.49.061802.123422"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(92)90216-C"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81015-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-28-1-59"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-28-1-73"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/157.4.1403"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.22.14253-14260.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1999.2635"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.5.4316-4326.1999"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.9.7357-7366.1998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0546"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509961103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.14.9128-9133.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","first-page":"43","article-title":"Genetic determinants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis emergence","author":"Weaver SC","year":"2004","unstructured":"SC Weaver, et al., Genetic determinants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis emergence. 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