{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:26:50Z","timestamp":1792625210074,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Long-distance population dispersal leaves its characteristic signature in genomes, namely, reduced diversity and increased linkage between genetic markers. This signature enables historical patterns of range expansion to be traced. Herein, we use microsatellite loci from the human pathogen\n                    <jats:italic>Coccidioides immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                    to show that genetic diversity in this fungus is geographically partitioned throughout North America. In contrast, analyses of South American\n                    <jats:italic>C. immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                    show that this population is genetically depauperate and was founded from a single North American population centered in Texas. Variances of allele distributions show that South American\n                    <jats:italic>C. immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                    have undergone rapid population growth, consistent with an epidemic increase in postcolonization population size. Herein, we estimate the introduction into South America to have occurred within the last 9,000\u2013140,000 years. This range increase parallels that of\n                    <jats:italic>Homo sapiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Because of known associations between Amerindians and this fungus, we suggest that the colonization of South America by\n                    <jats:italic>C. immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                    represents a relatively recent and rapid codispersal of a host and its pathogen.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.071406098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:44:19Z","timestamp":1027680259000},"page":"4558-4562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":196,"title":["Biogeographic range expansion into South America by\n                    <i>Coccidioides immitis<\/i>\n                    mirrors New World patterns of human migration"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; Roche Molecular Systems, 1145 Atlantic Avenue, Alameda, CA 94501; Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, Center of Microbiology and Cell Biology, P.O. Box 21827, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela; Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Micologia, Departmento de Microbiologia, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Health Sciences Department, Universidad de Valle de M\u00e9xico, C.P. 76100, Quer\u00e9taro, Mexico; Laborat\u00f3rio de..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina L.","family":"Koenig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; Roche Molecular Systems, 1145 Atlantic Avenue, Alameda, CA 94501; Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, Center of Microbiology and Cell Biology, P.O. Box 21827, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela; Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Micologia, Departmento de Microbiologia, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Health Sciences Department, Universidad de Valle de M\u00e9xico, C.P. 76100, Quer\u00e9taro, Mexico; Laborat\u00f3rio de..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; Roche Molecular Systems, 1145 Atlantic Avenue, Alameda, CA 94501; Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, Center of Microbiology and Cell Biology, P.O. Box 21827, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela; Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Micologia, Departmento de Microbiologia, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Health Sciences Department, Universidad de Valle de M\u00e9xico, C.P. 76100, Quer\u00e9taro, Mexico; Laborat\u00f3rio de..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gioconda","family":"San-Blas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; Roche Molecular Systems, 1145 Atlantic Avenue, Alameda, CA 94501; Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, Center of Microbiology and Cell Biology, P.O. Box 21827, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela; Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Micologia, Departmento de Microbiologia, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Health Sciences Department, Universidad de Valle de M\u00e9xico, C.P. 76100, Quer\u00e9taro, Mexico; Laborat\u00f3rio de..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Negroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; Roche Molecular Systems, 1145 Atlantic Avenue, Alameda, CA 94501; Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, Center of Microbiology and Cell Biology, P.O. Box 21827, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela; Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Micologia, Departmento de Microbiologia, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Health Sciences Department, Universidad de Valle de M\u00e9xico, C.P. 76100, Quer\u00e9taro, Mexico; Laborat\u00f3rio de..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isidro Guti\u00e9rrez","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; Roche Molecular Systems, 1145 Atlantic Avenue, Alameda, CA 94501; Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, Center of Microbiology and Cell Biology, P.O. Box 21827, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela; Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Micologia, Departmento de Microbiologia, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Health Sciences Department, Universidad de Valle de M\u00e9xico, C.P. 76100, Quer\u00e9taro, Mexico; Laborat\u00f3rio de..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bodo","family":"Wanke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; Roche Molecular Systems, 1145 Atlantic Avenue, Alameda, CA 94501; Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, Center of Microbiology and Cell Biology, P.O. Box 21827, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela; Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Micologia, Departmento de Microbiologia, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Health Sciences Department, Universidad de Valle de M\u00e9xico, C.P. 76100, Quer\u00e9taro, Mexico; Laborat\u00f3rio de..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; Roche Molecular Systems, 1145 Atlantic Avenue, Alameda, CA 94501; Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, Center of Microbiology and Cell Biology, P.O. Box 21827, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela; Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Micologia, Departmento de Microbiologia, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Health Sciences Department, Universidad de Valle de M\u00e9xico, C.P. 76100, Quer\u00e9taro, Mexico; Laborat\u00f3rio de..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.24.11591"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/Phyto-85-155"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.phyto.36.1.249"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.phyto.37.1.197"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35016000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","volume-title":"Medical Mycology","author":"Rippon J W","year":"1988","unstructured":"J W Rippon Medical Mycology (Saunders, Philadelphia, 1988)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Coccidioidomycosis","author":"Saubolle M","year":"1996","unstructured":"M Saubolle Coccidioidomycosis, eds H E Einstein, A Catenzaro (Natl. 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