{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:36:06Z","timestamp":1791326166440,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Mercury accumulation in fish is a global public health concern, because fish are the primary source of toxic methylmercury to humans. Fish from all lakes do not pose the same level of risk to consumers. One of the most intriguing patterns is that potentially dangerous mercury concentrations can be found in fish from clear, oligotrophic lakes whereas fish from greener, eutrophic lakes often carry less mercury. In this study, we experimentally tested the hypothesis that increasing algal biomass reduces mercury accumulation at higher trophic levels through the dilution of mercury in consumed algal cells. Under bloom dilution, as algal biomass increases, the concentration of mercury per cell decreases, resulting in a lower dietary input to grazers and reduced bioaccumulation in algal-rich eutrophic systems. To test this hypothesis, we added enriched stable isotopes of Hg to experimental mesocosms and measured the uptake of toxic methylmercury (CH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>200<\/jats:sup>\n                    Hg\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and inorganic\n                    <jats:sup>201<\/jats:sup>\n                    Hg\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    by biota at several algal concentrations. We reduced absolute spike detection limits by 50\u2013100 times compared with previous techniques, which allowed us to conduct experiments at the extremely low aqueous Hg concentrations that are typical of natural systems. We found that increasing algae reduced CH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    Hg\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    concentrations in zooplankton 2\u20133-fold. Bloom dilution may provide a mechanistic explanation for lower CH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    Hg\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    accumulation by zooplankton and fish in algal-rich relative to algal-poor systems.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.072531099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T10:37:36Z","timestamp":1027679856000},"page":"4419-4423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":381,"title":["Algal blooms reduce the uptake of toxic methylmercury in freshwater food webs"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Paul C.","family":"Pickhardt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755; and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol L.","family":"Folt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755; and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celia Y.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755; and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bjoern","family":"Klaue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755; and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel D.","family":"Blum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755; and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/1051-0761(1998)008[0559:NPOSWW]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0269-7491(99)00091-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1085(19970630)11:8<925::AID-HYP512>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018071406537"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f96-178"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005959211768"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f97-223"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2000.45.7.1525"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01189744"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es950373d"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.150.3692.28"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(1997)080[1405:CIWAZR]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2265812"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(98)00226-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es990759e"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f98-061"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es991070c"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es990679a"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005965223474"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.172.3989.1248"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac980846"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","volume-title":"11th Annual International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment","author":"Klaue B","year":"2000","unstructured":"B Klaue, S E Kesler, J D Blum 11th Annual International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, ed J Nriagu (Univ. of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, , Contribution 1101. 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Press, Cambridge, U.K.), pp. 37\u201339 (1984)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.251.4995.794"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f96-340"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(00)00593-3"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1073\/pnas.072531099","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T16:52:30Z","timestamp":1649782350000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.072531099"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,19]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1073\/pnas.072531099"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.072531099","relation":{},"ISSN":["0027-8424","1091-6490"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0027-8424","type":"print"},{"value":"1091-6490","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2001-10-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2002-03-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}