{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T19:04:50Z","timestamp":1791054290036,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Understanding the prevalence and polymorphism of antibiotic resistance genes in soil bacteria and their potential to be transferred horizontally is required to evaluate the likelihood and ecological (and possibly clinical) consequences of the transfer of these genes from transgenic plants to soil bacteria. In this study, we combined culture-dependent and -independent approaches to study the prevalence and diversity of\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes in soil bacteria and the potential impact that a 10-successive-year culture of the transgenic Bt176 corn, which has a\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    TEM marker gene, could have had on the soil bacterial community. The\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene encoding resistance to ampicillin belongs to the beta-lactam antibiotic family, which is widely used in medicine but is readily compromised by bacterial antibiotic resistance. Our results indicate that soil bacteria are naturally resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactam antibiotics, including the third cephalosporin generation, which has a slightly stronger discriminating effect on soil isolates than other cephalosporins. These high resistance levels for a wide range of antibiotics are partly due to the polymorphism of\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes, which occur frequently among soil bacteria. The\n                    <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                    TEM116 gene of the transgenic corn Bt176 investigated here is among those frequently found, thus reducing any risk of introducing a new bacterial resistance trait from the transgenic material. In addition, no significant differences were observed in bacterial antibiotic-resistance levels between transgenic and nontransgenic corn fields, although the bacterial populations were different.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800072105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,21]],"date-time":"2008-02-21T21:09:47Z","timestamp":1203628187000},"page":"3957-3962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":151,"title":["Antibiotic-resistant soil bacteria in transgenic plant fields"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Deman\u00e8che","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 69622 Villeurbanne, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herv\u00e9","family":"Sanguin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 69622 Villeurbanne, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Pot\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Geneva, Forel Institute, 10 Route de Suisse, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 69622 Villeurbanne, France;"},{"name":"Laboratoire des Symbioses Tropicales et M\u00e9diterran\u00e9ennes, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 113 IRD, Universit\u00e9 Montpellier 2, 34398 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Bernillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 69622 Villeurbanne, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Mavingui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 69622 Villeurbanne, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Wildi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Geneva, Forel Institute, 10 Route de Suisse, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy M.","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 69622 Villeurbanne, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Simonet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche 5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 69622 Villeurbanne, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2005.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"33","article-title":"Are all beta-lactams created equal?","volume":"101","author":"Livermore DM","year":"1996","unstructured":"DM Livermore, Are all beta-lactams created equal? 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