{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T11:43:24Z","timestamp":1793619804513,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"25","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Lyme borreliosis, caused by the tick-borne bacterium\n                    <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , has become the most common vector-borne disease in North America over the last three decades. To understand the dynamics of the epizootic spread and to predict the evolutionary trajectories of\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , accurate information on the population structure and the evolutionary relationships of the pathogen is crucial. We, therefore, developed a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    based on eight chromosomal housekeeping genes. We validated the MLST scheme on\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    specimens from North America and Europe, comprising both cultured isolates and infected ticks. These data were compared with sequences for the commonly used genetic markers\n                    <jats:italic>rrs-rrlA<\/jats:italic>\n                    intergenic spacer (IGS) and the gene encoding the outer surface protein C (\n                    <jats:italic>ospC<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). The study demonstrates that the concatenated sequences of the housekeeping genes of\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    provide highly resolved phylogenetic signals and that the housekeeping genes evolve differently compared with the IGS locus and\n                    <jats:italic>ospC<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Using sequence data, the study reveals that North American and European populations of\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    correspond to genetically distinct populations. Importantly, the MLST data suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    originated in Europe rather than in North America as proposed previously.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800323105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,23]],"date-time":"2008-06-23T21:42:04Z","timestamp":1214257324000},"page":"8730-8735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":320,"title":["MLST of housekeeping genes captures geographic population structure and suggests a European origin of\n                    <i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Margos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aBiology and Biochemistry and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne G.","family":"Gatewood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Aanensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kl\u00e1ra","family":"Hanincov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darya","family":"Terekhova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie A.","family":"Vollmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aBiology and Biochemistry and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muriel","family":"Cornet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centres Nationaux de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence des Borrelia et de la Leptospirose, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Piesman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ft. Collins, CO 80521;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Donaghy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antra","family":"Bormane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Agency, LV-1012, Riga, Latvia; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merrilee A.","family":"Hurn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward J.","family":"Feil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aBiology and Biochemistry and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Durland","family":"Fish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherwood","family":"Casjens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah Medical School, Salt Lake City, UT 84132"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary P.","family":"Wormser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ira","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Kurtenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of aBiology and Biochemistry and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7043737"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1204.051016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1475"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851996325.0117","volume-title":"Lyme Borreliosis: Biology of the Infectious Agents and Epidemiology of Disease","author":"Kurtenbach K","year":"2002","unstructured":"K Kurtenbach, SM Schaefer, S de Michelis, S Etti, HS Sewell Lyme Borreliosis: Biology of the Infectious Agents and Epidemiology of Disease, eds JS Gray, O Kahl, RS Lane, G Stanek (CABI, Wallingford, UK), pp. 117\u2013148 (2002)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182003004694"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.104.028738"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-42-3-378"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549309008525"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.7.2338-2344.1996"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"529","article-title":"Taxonomy of the Lyme disease spirochetes","volume":"57","author":"Johnson RC","year":"1984","unstructured":"RC Johnson, FW Hyde, CM Rumpel, Taxonomy of the Lyme disease spirochetes. 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