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Although MPV-specific CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells could recognize vaccinia virus (VV)-infected monocytes and produce inflammatory cytokines such as IFN\u03b3 and TNF\u03b1, they were largely incapable of responding to autologous MPV-infected cells. Further analysis revealed that, unlike cowpox virus (CPV), MPV did not interfere with MHC expression or intracellular transport of MHC molecules. Instead, MPV-infected cells were capable of preventing T cell receptor (TcR)-mediated T cell activation\n                    <jats:italic>in trans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The ability to trigger a state of nonresponsiveness represents a unique MHC-independent mechanism for blocking antiviral T cell activation and inflammatory cytokine production and is likely an important attribute involved with viral dissemination in the infected host.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800589105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,16]],"date-time":"2008-09-16T23:44:38Z","timestamp":1221608678000},"page":"14567-14572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":155,"title":["Monkeypox virus evades antiviral CD4\n                    <sup>+<\/sup>\n                    and CD8\n                    <sup>+<\/sup>\n                    T cell responses by suppressing cognate T cell activation"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Erika","family":"Hammarlund","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 505 Northwest 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anindya","family":"Dasgupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 505 Northwest 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clemencia","family":"Pinilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Norori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Fr\u00fch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 505 Northwest 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark K.","family":"Slifka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 505 Northwest 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5406.1279"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/339909"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri845"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-9433-4-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.2.293"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","first-page":"73","article-title":"Human monkeypox: Disease pattern, incidence and attack rates in a rural area of northern Zaire","volume":"40","author":"Jezek Z","year":"1988","unstructured":"Z Jezek, B Grab, KM Paluku, MV Szczeniowski, Human monkeypox: Disease pattern, incidence and attack rates in a rural area of northern Zaire. 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