{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:45:30Z","timestamp":1781109930741,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"31","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Changes in organ morphology have been essential to the evolution of novel body forms and in permitting organisms to invade new ecological niches. Changes in the arrangement of cells and tissues and in the regulation of morphological movements are fundamental to evolutionary transitions of organ shape and function. However, little is known about the genetic and developmental control of these changes. We use interspecific differences in the migration and extension of the nematode hermaphrodite gonadal arms to study the generation of morphological novelty. We show that the extending\n                    <jats:italic>Pristionchus pacificus<\/jats:italic>\n                    gonadal arms display a ventral migration that is unique to the Diplogastridae in comparison to the Rhabditidae, including\n                    <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and other nematodes. This results in the distal gonad residing along the ventral side of the body in\n                    <jats:italic>P. pacificus<\/jats:italic>\n                    in contrast to lying on the dorsal side of the body as in\n                    <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We show that at the cellular level this morphogenetic movement is regulated by signals from the developing vulva and the sister gonadal arm. We further show that in\n                    <jats:italic>P. pacificus<\/jats:italic>\n                    Wnt signaling is essential for this regulation. We show genetic and molecular evidence that suggest the Wnt ligands\n                    <jats:italic>Ppa-mom-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Ppa-cwn-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    are components of the signaling mechanism. Supporting these findings, the hermaphrodite gonad of\n                    <jats:italic>Ppa-bar-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutant animals mimics the shape of the\n                    <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    hermaphrodite gonad; the arms fail to extend ventrally. Thus, this genetic analysis of gonad migration provides insight into the mechanisms underlying the generation of morphological novelty and organ shape.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800597105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,29]],"date-time":"2008-07-29T23:24:28Z","timestamp":1217373868000},"page":"10826-10831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Wnt signaling in\n                    <i>Pristionchus pacificus<\/i>\n                    gonadal arm extension and the evolution of organ shape"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Rudel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 37, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiyu","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 37, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf J.","family":"Sommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 37, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/385627a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(02)01126-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1341.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1132292"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","volume-title":"Introduction to Nematology","author":"Chitwood BG","year":"1974","unstructured":"BG Chitwood, MB Chitwood Introduction to Nematology (University Park, Baltimore, 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