{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:13:21Z","timestamp":1781108001758,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"16","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is transmitted by tsetse flies and, if untreated, is fatal. Treatment depends on infection stage, and early diagnosis is crucial for effective disease management. The systemic host biochemical changes induced by HAT that enable biomarker discovery or relate to therapeutic outcome are largely unknown. We have characterized the multivariate temporal responses of mice to\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, using\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic metabolic phenotyping of urine and plasma. Marked alterations in plasma metabolic profiles were detected already 1 day postinfection. Elevated plasma concentrations of lactate, branched chain amino acids, and acetylglycoprotein fragments were noted.\n                    <jats:italic>T. brucei brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    -infected mice also had an imbalance of plasma alanine and valine, consistent with differential gluconeogenesis (parasite)-ketogenesis (host) pathway counterflux, involving stimulated host glycolysis, ketogenesis, and enhanced lipid oxidation in the host. Histopathologic evidence of\n                    <jats:italic>T. brucei brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    -induced extramedullary hepatic hemopoiesis, renal interstitial nephritis, and a provoked inflammatory response was also noted. Metabolic disturbance of gut microbiotal activity was associated with infection, as indicated by changes in the urinary concentrations of the microbial co-metabolites, including hippurate. Concluding, parasite infection results in multiple systemic biochemical effects in the host and disturbance of the symbiotic gut microbial metabolic interactions. Investigation of these transgenomic metabolic alterations may underpin the development of new diagnostic criteria and metrics of therapeutic efficacy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801777105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,14]],"date-time":"2008-04-14T21:10:43Z","timestamp":1208207443000},"page":"6127-6132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["Global metabolic responses of mice to\n                    <i>Trypanosoma brucei brucei<\/i>\n                    infection"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Yulan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrg","family":"Utzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of \u2021Public Health and Epidemiology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmina","family":"Saric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Departments of \u2021Public Health and Epidemiology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia V.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Departments of \u2021Public Health and Epidemiology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Burckhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine\/Endocrinology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Dirnhofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy K.","family":"Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burton H.","family":"Singer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Population Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reto","family":"Brun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"341","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra064142"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)61005-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14694-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI21052"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7357.203"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707354"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.35.040195.000521"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"169","article-title":"A card-agglutination test with stained trypanosomes (C.A.T.T.) for the serological diagnosis of T. b. gambiense trypanosomiasis","volume":"58","author":"Magnus E","year":"1978","unstructured":"E Magnus, T Vervoort, N Van Meirvenne, A card-agglutination test with stained trypanosomes (C.A.T.T.) for the serological diagnosis of T. b. gambiense trypanosomiasis. 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