{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:47:19Z","timestamp":1791942439599,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"23","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the agent of bubonic plague, evolved from the enteric pathogen\n                    <jats:italic>Yersinia pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    within the past 20,000 years. Because ancestor and descendant both exist, it is possible to infer steps in molecular evolution by direct experimental approaches. The\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    life cycle includes establishment of a biofilm within its vector, the flea. Although\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    makes biofilms in other environments, it fails to do so in the insect. We show that\n                    <jats:italic>rcsA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a negative regulator of biofilms that is functional in\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pseudotuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is a pseudogene in\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Replacement of the pseudogene with the functional\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pseudotuberculosis rcsA<\/jats:italic>\n                    allele strongly represses biofilm formation and essentially abolishes flea biofilms. The conversion of\n                    <jats:italic>rcsA<\/jats:italic>\n                    to a pseudogene during\n                    <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    evolution, therefore, was a case of negative selection rather than neutral genetic drift.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803525105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,3]],"date-time":"2008-06-03T22:48:50Z","timestamp":1212533330000},"page":"8097-8101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Experimental evidence for negative selection in the evolution of a\n                    <i>Yersinia pestis<\/i>\n                    pseudogene"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Yi-Cheng","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"*Program in Microbial Pathogenesis, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B. Joseph","family":"Hinnebusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Creg","family":"Darby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"*Program in Microbial Pathogenesis, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; 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