{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T22:26:27Z","timestamp":1787005587806,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["www.pnas.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Human motor development is thought to result from a complex interaction between genes and experience. The well-known somatotopic organization of the primate primary motor cortex (M1) emerges postnatally. Although adaptive changes in response to learning and use occur throughout life, somatotopy is maintained as reorganization is restricted to modifications within major body part representations. We report of a unique opportunity to evaluate the influence of experience on the genetically determined somatotopic organization of motor cortex in humans. We examined the motor \u201cfoot\u201d representation in subjects with congenitally compromised hand function and compensatory skillful foot use. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of M1 revealed that the foot was represented in the classical medial foot area of M1 and was several centimetres away in nonadjacent cortex in the vicinity of the lateral \u201chand\u201d area. Both areas had direct output to the spinal motor neurons innervating foot muscles and were behaviorally relevant because experimental disruption of either area by TMS altered reaction times. We demonstrate a unique, nonsomatotopically organized M1 in humans, which emerged as a function of grossly altered motor behavior from the earliest stages of development. Our results imply that during early motor development experience may play a more critical role in the shaping of genetically determined neural networks than previously assumed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803733106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,21]],"date-time":"2009-01-21T21:40:22Z","timestamp":1232574022000},"page":"2395-2400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.cm10313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Congenitally altered motor experience alters somatotopic organization of human primary motor cortex"],"prefix":"10.1073","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"M. Cornelia","family":"Stoeckel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany;"},{"name":"fMRIB Centre, Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00fcdiger J.","family":"Seitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany;"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre, Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf, Universit\u00e4tsstrasse 1, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathrin M.","family":"Buetefisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany;"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, West Virginia University, 1 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506; 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